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# Contributing to Smarty
First off, thanks for taking the time to contribute! ❤️
> And if you like the project, but just don't have time to contribute, that's fine. There are other easy ways to support the project and show your appreciation, which we would also be very happy about:
> - Star the project
> - Tell a friend about it
> - Refer this project in your project's readme
> - Mention the project at local meetups and tell your friends/colleagues
## I Have a Question
> If you want to ask a question, we assume that you have read the available [Documentation](https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty).
Before you ask a question, it is best to search for existing [Issues](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues) that might help you.
In case you have found a suitable issue and still need clarification, you can write your question in this issue.
It is also advisable to search the internet for answers first.
If you then still feel the need to ask a question and need clarification, we recommend the following:
- [Open an Issue](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues/new).
- Provide as much context as you can about what you're running into.
- Provide Smarty and PHP versions
We will then take care of the issue as soon as possible.
## I Want To Contribute
> ### Legal Notice
> When contributing to this project, you must agree that you have authored 100% of the content,
> that you have the necessary rights to the content and that the content you contribute may be provided under the project license.
### Reporting Bugs
#### Before Submitting a Bug Report
A good bug report shouldn't leave others needing to chase you up for more information. Therefore, we ask you to
investigate carefully, collect information and describe the issue in detail in your report. Please complete the
following steps in advance to help us fix any potential bug as fast as possible.
- Make sure that you are using the latest version.
- Determine if your bug is really a bug and not an error on your side. (Make sure that you have read the [documentation](https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty). If you are looking for support, you might want to check [this section](#i-have-a-question)).
- To see if other users have experienced (and potentially already solved) the same issue you are having, check if there is not already a bug report existing for your bug or error in the [bug tracker](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues?q=label%3Abug).
- Also make sure to search the internet (including Stack Overflow) to see if users outside of the GitHub community have discussed the issue.
- Collect information about the bug:
- For an Exception: please provide the Stack trace
- OS (Windows, Linux, macOS)
- PHP version
- Smarty version
- A minimal snippet of (your) code that triggers the bug
- Expected output versus actual output
- Can you reliably reproduce the issue? And can you also reproduce it with older versions?
#### How Do I Submit a Good Bug Report?
> You must never report security related issues, vulnerabilities or bugs including sensitive information to the issue tracker, or elsewhere in public.
> For sensitive bugs, please see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md).
We use GitHub issues to track bugs and errors. If you run into an issue with the project:
- Open an [Issue](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues/new). (Since we can't be sure at this point whether it is a bug or not, we ask you not to talk about a bug yet and not to label the issue.)
- Explain the behavior you would expect and the actual behavior.
- Please provide as much context as possible and describe the *reproduction steps* that someone else can follow to recreate the issue on their own. This usually includes your code. For good bug reports you should isolate the problem and create a reduced test case.
- Provide the information you collected in the previous section.
Once it's filed:
- The project team will label the issue accordingly.
- A team member will try to reproduce the issue with your provided steps. If there are no reproduction steps or no obvious way to reproduce the issue, the team will ask you for those steps and mark the issue as `needs-repro`. Bugs with the `needs-repro` tag will not be addressed until they are reproduced.
- If the team is able to reproduce the issue, it will be marked `needs-fix`, as well as possibly other tags (such as `critical`), and the issue will be left to be implemented by someone.
### Suggesting Enhancements
This section guides you through submitting an enhancement suggestion for CONTRIBUTING.md, **including completely new features and minor improvements to existing functionality**. Following these guidelines will help maintainers and the community to understand your suggestion and find related suggestions.
#### Before Submitting an Enhancement
- Make sure that you are using the latest version.
- Read the [documentation](https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty) carefully and find out if the functionality is already covered, maybe by an individual configuration.
- Perform a [search](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues) to see if the enhancement has already been suggested. If it has, add a comment to the existing issue instead of opening a new one.
- Find out whether your idea fits with the scope and aims of the project. It's up to you to make a strong case to convince the project's developers of the merits of this feature. Keep in mind that we want features that will be useful to the majority of our users and not just a small subset. If you're just targeting a minority of users, consider writing an add-on/plugin library.
#### How Do I Submit a Good Enhancement Suggestion?
Enhancement suggestions are tracked as [GitHub issues](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues).
- Use a **clear and descriptive title** for the issue to identify the suggestion.
- Provide a **step-by-step description of the suggested enhancement** in as many details as possible.
- **Describe the current behavior** and **explain which behavior you expected to see instead** and why. At this point you can also tell which alternatives do not work for you.
- You may want to **include screenshots and animated GIFs** which help you demonstrate the steps or point out the part which the suggestion is related to. You can use [this tool](https://www.cockos.com/licecap/) to record GIFs on macOS and Windows, and [this tool](https://github.com/colinkeenan/silentcast) or [this tool](https://github.com/GNOME/byzanz) on Linux.
- **Explain why this enhancement would be useful** to most CONTRIBUTING.md users. You may also want to point out the other projects that solved it better and which could serve as inspiration.
### Improving The Documentation
The [docs](docs/index.md) are written in markdown, configured in [mkdocs.yml](mkdocs.yml) and published
to [GitHub pages](https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty) using [mkdocs](https://www.mkdocs.org/) and [mike](https://github.com/jimporter/mike).
To preview the docs while you are writing, run:
```bash
mkdocs serve
```
This should launch a local web server and give you a link to open in your browser.
When you are finished, commit your changes and provide a [Pull Request](https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/proposing-changes-to-your-work-with-pull-requests/creating-a-pull-request).
#### Publishing the docs
If you are a maintainer, you can publish the document using [mike](https://github.com/jimporter/mike). Make sure you provide the correct version.
```bash
mike deploy 5.x
```
## Attribution
This guide is based on the **contributing.md**. [Make your own](https://contributing.md/)!

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Smarty: the PHP compiling template engine
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU Lesser General Public License below for more details.
GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.
0. Additional Definitions.
As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU
General Public License.
"The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License,
other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.
An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided
by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library.
Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode
of using an interface provided by the Library.
A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an
Application with the Library. The particular version of the Library
with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked
Version".
The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code
for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are
based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version.
The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the
object code and/or source code for the Application, including any data
and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the
Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work.
1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.
You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License
without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.
2. Conveying Modified Versions.
If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application
that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the
facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified
version:
a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to
ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the
function or data, the facility still operates, and performs
whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or
b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
this License applicable to that copy.
3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.
The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from
a header file that is part of the Library. You may convey such object
code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated
material is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure
layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates
(ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following:
a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the
Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
document.
4. Combined Works.
You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,
taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the
portions of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse
engineering for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of
the following:
a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the Combined Work that
the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
covered by this License.
b) Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
document.
c) For a Combined Work that displays copyright notices during
execution, include the copyright notice for the Library among
these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to the
copies of the GNU GPL and this license document.
d) Do one of the following:
0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this
License, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form
suitable for, and under terms that permit, the user to
recombine or relink the Application with a modified version of
the Linked Version to produce a modified Combined Work, in the
manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying
Corresponding Source.
1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the
Library. A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run time
a copy of the Library already present on the user's computer
system, and (b) will operate properly with a modified version
of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked
Version.
e) Provide Installation Information, but only if you would otherwise
be required to provide such information under section 6 of the
GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such information is
necessary to install and execute a modified version of the
Combined Work produced by recombining or relinking the
Application with a modified version of the Linked Version. (If
you use option 4d0, the Installation Information must accompany
the Minimal Corresponding Source and Corresponding Application
Code. If you use option 4d1, you must provide the Installation
Information in the manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL
for conveying Corresponding Source.)
5. Combined Libraries.
You may place library facilities that are a work based on the
Library side by side in a single library together with other library
facilities that are not Applications and are not covered by this
License, and convey such a combined library under terms of your
choice, if you do both of the following:
a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based
on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities,
conveyed under the terms of this License.
b) Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of it
is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
accompanying uncombined form of the same work.
6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered version
of the GNU Lesser General Public License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that published version or of any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library as you
received it does not specify a version number of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, you may choose any version of the GNU Lesser
General Public License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall
apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
Library.

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all: lexers parsers
lexers: src/Lexer/ConfigfileLexer.php src/Lexer/TemplateLexer.php
parsers: src/Parser/ConfigfileParser.php src/Parser/TemplateParser.php
src/Lexer/ConfigfileLexer.php: src/Lexer/ConfigfileLexer.plex
php ./utilities/make-lexer.php src/Lexer/ConfigfileLexer.plex src/Lexer/ConfigfileLexer.php
src/Lexer/TemplateLexer.php: src/Lexer/TemplateLexer.plex
php ./utilities/make-lexer.php src/Lexer/TemplateLexer.plex src/Lexer/TemplateLexer.php
src/Parser/ConfigfileParser.php: src/Parser/ConfigfileParser.y
php ./utilities/make-parser.php src/Parser/ConfigfileParser.y src/Parser/ConfigfileParser.php
src/Parser/TemplateParser.php: src/Parser/TemplateParser.y
php ./utilities/make-parser.php src/Parser/TemplateParser.y src/Parser/TemplateParser.php
clean:
rm -f src/Lexer/ConfigfileLexer.php src/Lexer/TemplateLexer.php src/Parser/ConfigfileParser.php src/Parser/TemplateParser.php

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# Smarty template engine
Smarty is a template engine for PHP, facilitating the separation of presentation (HTML/CSS) from application logic.
![CI](https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/workflows/CI/badge.svg)
## Documentation
Read the [documentation](https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty/) to find out how to use it.
## Requirements
Smarty v5 can be run with PHP 7.2 to PHP 8.2.
## Installation
Smarty versions 3.1.11 or later can be installed with [Composer](https://getcomposer.org/).
To get the latest stable version of Smarty use:
```bash
composer require smarty/smarty
````
More in the [Getting Started](./docs/getting-started.md) section of the docs.

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# Security Policy
## Supported Versions
Smarty currently supports the latest minor version of Smarty 4 and Smarty 5.
| Version | Supported |
|---------|--------------------|
| 5.0.x | :white_check_mark: |
| 4.3.x | :white_check_mark: |
| < 4.3 | :x: |
## Reporting a Vulnerability
If you have discovered a security issue with Smarty, please contact us at mail [at] simonwisselink.nl. Do not
disclose your findings publicly and **PLEASE** do not file an Issue (because that would disclose your findings
publicly.)
We will try to confirm the vulnerability and develop a fix if appropriate. When we release the fix, we will publish
a security release. Please let us know if you want to be credited.

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# @TODO
## CI-building optimization
- compiled & cached templates should not contain references to local filesystem paths. Add an optional rootpath param
to `(add|set)TemplateDir` or as a separate method. Make it default to `getcwd()`. If a relative path is passed to
`(add|set)TemplateDir`, prefix it with the rootpath at runtime, but do not store the path.
## Review direct variable property access
- review ->value{$index} in ForTag
## include inline
- Re-introduce merge_compiled_includes and the {include inline} attribute?
## Output buffering
- Fix ob_ output buffering commands being scattered around the codebase
## Review public static vars
- such as _CHARSET and _IS_WINDOWS
## Block / inheritance
- Consider phasing out $smarty.block.child as this reverses the inheritance hierarchy and might cause infinite loops
when combined with $smarty.block.parent
## Plugin system
- fix template security checks in one place in compiler
## Beatify output
- compiled templates could be proper classes, possibly using [nette/php-generator](https://packagist.org/packages/nette/php-generator)
## Unrelated / other
- review (and avoid) use of 'clone' keyword
- compiler->has_code seems silly. Why not have proper return values?
- what is 'user literal support', why are unit tests skipped?

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{
"name": "smarty/smarty",
"type": "library",
"description": "Smarty - the compiling PHP template engine",
"keywords": [
"templating"
],
"homepage": "https://smarty-php.github.io/smarty/",
"license": "LGPL-3.0",
"authors": [
{
"name": "Monte Ohrt",
"email": "monte@ohrt.com"
},
{
"name": "Uwe Tews",
"email": "uwe.tews@googlemail.com"
},
{
"name": "Rodney Rehm",
"email": "rodney.rehm@medialize.de"
},
{
"name": "Simon Wisselink",
"homepage": "https://www.iwink.nl/"
}
],
"support": {
"issues": "https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/issues",
"forum": "https://github.com/smarty-php/smarty/discussions"
},
"require": {
"php": "^7.2 || ^8.0",
"symfony/polyfill-mbstring": "^1.27"
},
"autoload": {
"psr-4" : {
"Smarty\\" : "src/"
},
"files": [
"src/functions.php"
]
},
"extra": {
"branch-alias": {
"dev-master": "5.0.x-dev"
}
},
"require-dev": {
"phpunit/phpunit": "^8.5 || ^7.5",
"smarty/smarty-lexer": "^4.0.2"
}
}

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title = Welcome to Smarty!
cutoff_size = 40
[setup]
bold = true

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<?php
/**
* Example Application
*
*/
$smarty = new \Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty->debugging = true;
$smarty->caching = true;
$smarty->cache_lifetime = 120;
$smarty->assign("Name", "Fred Irving Johnathan Bradley Peppergill", true);
$smarty->assign("FirstName", array("John", "Mary", "James", "Henry"));
$smarty->assign("LastName", array("Doe", "Smith", "Johnson", "Case"));
$smarty->assign(
"Class",
array(
array("A", "B", "C", "D"),
array("E", "F", "G", "H"),
array("I", "J", "K", "L"),
array("M", "N", "O", "P")
)
);
$smarty->assign(
"contacts",
array(
array("phone" => "1", "fax" => "2", "cell" => "3"),
array("phone" => "555-4444", "fax" => "555-3333", "cell" => "760-1234")
)
);
$smarty->assign("option_values", array("NY", "NE", "KS", "IA", "OK", "TX"));
$smarty->assign("option_output", array("New York", "Nebraska", "Kansas", "Iowa", "Oklahoma", "Texas"));
$smarty->assign("option_selected", "NE");
$smarty->display('index.tpl');

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</BODY>
</HTML>

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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>{$title} - {$Name}</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff">

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{config_load file="test.conf" section="setup"}
{include file="header.tpl" title=foo}
<PRE>
{* bold and title are read from the config file *}
{if #bold#}<b>{/if}
{* capitalize the first letters of each word of the title *}
Title: {#title#|capitalize}
{if #bold#}</b>{/if}
The current date and time is {$smarty.now|date_format:"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"}
Example of accessing server environment variable SERVER_NAME: {$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME}
The value of {ldelim}$Name{rdelim} is <b>{$Name}</b>
variable modifier example of {ldelim}$Name|upper{rdelim}
<b>{$Name|upper}</b>
An example of a section loop:
{section name=outer
loop=$FirstName}
{if $smarty.section.outer.index is odd by 2}
{$smarty.section.outer.rownum} . {$FirstName[outer]} {$LastName[outer]}
{else}
{$smarty.section.outer.rownum} * {$FirstName[outer]} {$LastName[outer]}
{/if}
{sectionelse}
none
{/section}
An example of section looped key values:
{section name=sec1 loop=$contacts}
phone: {$contacts[sec1].phone}
<br>
fax: {$contacts[sec1].fax}
<br>
cell: {$contacts[sec1].cell}
<br>
{/section}
<p>
testing strip tags
{strip}
<table border=0>
<tr>
<td>
<A HREF="{$SCRIPT_NAME}">
<font color="red">This is a test </font>
</A>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
{/strip}
</PRE>
This is an example of the html_select_date function:
<form>
{html_select_date start_year=1998 end_year=2010}
</form>
This is an example of the html_select_time function:
<form>
{html_select_time use_24_hours=false}
</form>
This is an example of the html_options function:
<form>
<select name=states>
{html_options values=$option_values selected=$option_selected output=$option_output}
</select>
</form>
{include file="footer.tpl"}

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theme: jekyll-theme-minimal

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# Basics
## Installation
For installation instructies, please see the [getting started section](../getting-started.md).
## Rendering a template
Here's how you create an instance of Smarty in your PHP scripts:
```php
<?php
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
```
You now have a Smarty object that you can use to render templates.
```php
<?php
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->display('string:The current smarty version is: {$smarty.version}.');
// or
echo $smarty->fetch('string:The current smarty version is: {$smarty.version}.');
```
## Using file-based templates
You probably want to manage your templates as files. Create a subdirectory called 'templates' and
then configure Smarty to use that:
```php
<?php
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->setTemplateDir(__DIR__ . '/templates');
```
Say you have a template file called 'version.tpl', stored in the 'templates' directory like this:
```smarty
<h1>Hi</h1>
The current smarty version is: {$smarty.version|escape}.
```
You can now render this, using:
```php
<?php
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->setTemplateDir(__DIR__ . '/templates');
$smarty->display('version.tpl');
```
## Assigning variables
Templates start to become really useful once you add variables to the mix.
Create a template called 'footer.tpl' in the 'templates' directory like this:
```smarty
<small>Copyright {$companyName|escape}</small>
```
Now assign a value to the 'companyName' variable and render your template like this:
```php
<?php
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->setTemplateDir(__DIR__ . '/templates');
$smarty->assign('companyName', 'AC & ME Corp.');
$smarty->display('footer.tpl');
```
Run this, and you will see:
```html
<small>Copyright AC &amp; ME Corp.</small>
```
Note how the [escape modifier](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md)
translated the `&` character into the proper HTML syntax `&amp;`.

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# Caching
Caching is used to speed up the rendering of a template by saving and re-using the output.
If a cached version of the call is available, that is displayed instead of
regenerating the output. Caching can speed things up tremendously,
especially templates with longer computation times.
Since templates can include or extend other templates, one
cache file could conceivably be made up of several template files,
config files, etc.
> ** Note **
>
> Since templates are dynamic, it is important to be careful what you are
> caching and for how long. For instance, if you are displaying the front
> page of your website that does not change its content very often, it
> might work well to cache this page for an hour or more. On the other
> hand, if you are displaying a page with a timetable containing new
> information by the minute, it would not make sense to cache this page.
## Setting Up Caching
The first thing to do is enable caching by calling `Smarty::setCaching()` with either
`\Smarty\Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT` or `\Smarty\Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_SAVED`.
Or with `\Smarty\Smarty::CACHING_OFF` to disable caching again.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
// enable caching, using the current lifetime (see below)
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
// enable caching, using the lifetime set when the cache was saved (see below)
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_SAVED);
// disable caching
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_OFF);
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
With caching enabled, the function call to `$smarty->display('index.tpl')` will
render the template as usual, but also saves a copy of its output. On the
next call to `$smarty->display('index.tpl')`, the cached copy will be used
instead of rendering the template again.
> **Note**
>
> By default, Smarty saved its caches as files in a dir called `cache` relative to the current
> directory. The default directory can be changed using `$smarty->setCacheDir('/some/cache/dir');`
> The files are named similar
> to the template name. Although they end in the `.php` extension, they
> are not intended to be directly executable. Do not edit these files!
## Cache lifetime
Each cached page has a limited lifetime. The default value is 3600
seconds, or one hour. After that time expires, the cache is regenerated.
You can change the lifetime as follows:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
// or $smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_SAVED);
// set the cache_lifetime to 5 minutes
$smarty->setCacheLifetime(5 * 60);
```
Setting caching to a value of `\Smarty\Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT` tells Smarty to use
the current lifetime to determine if the cache has expired.
A value of `\Smarty\Smarty::CACHING\_LIFETIME\_SAVED` tells Smarty to use the lifetime value at the time the
cache was generated. This way you can set the just before rendering a template to have granular control over
when that particular cache expires.
An example:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
// retain current cache lifetime for each specific display call
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_SAVED);
// set the cache_lifetime for index.tpl to 5 minutes
$smarty->setCacheLifetime(300);
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
// set the cache_lifetime for home.tpl to 1 hour
$smarty->setCacheLifetime(3600);
$smarty->display('home.tpl');
// NOTE: the following $cache_lifetime setting will not work when $caching
// is set to Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_SAVED.
// The cache lifetime for home.tpl has already been set
// to 1 hour, and will no longer respect the value of $cache_lifetime.
// The home.tpl cache will still expire after 1 hour.
$smarty->setCacheLifetime(30); // 30 seconds
$smarty->display('home.tpl');
```
## Compile check
By default, every template file and config file that is involved with the cache file
is checked for modification. If any of the files have been modified
since the cache was generated, the cache is immediately regenerated.
This is a computational overhead, so for optimum performance, disable this on a production environment:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
$smarty->setCompileCheck(Smarty::COMPILECHECK_OFF);
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
## Checking if a template is cached
Smarty's `isCached() method can be used to test if a
template has a valid cache or not. If you have a cached template that
requires something like a database fetch, you can use this to skip that
process.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
if (!$smarty->isCached('index.tpl')) {
// No cache available, do variable assignments here.
$smarty->assign('data', do_expensive_database_calls());
}
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
## Nocache-blocks
You can keep parts of a page dynamic (disable caching) with the
[`{nocache}{/nocache}`](../../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-nocache.md) block function,
or by using the `nocache` parameter for most template functions.
Let's say the whole page can be cached except for a banner that is
displayed down the side of the page. By using a [`{nocache}{/nocache}`](../../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-nocache.md)
block for the banner, you can
keep this element dynamic within the cached content.
## Clearing the cache
You can clear all the cache files with Smarty's `clearAllCache()` method, or individual cache
files with the `clearCache()` method.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
// clear only cache for index.tpl
$smarty->clearCache('index.tpl');
// clear out all cache files
$smarty->clearAllCache();
// clear out all cache files older than one hour
$smarty->clearAllCache(3600);
// or, clear all expired caches
$smarty->clearAllCache(Smarty::CLEAR_EXPIRED);
```

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# Custom cache storage layers
As an alternative to using the default file-based caching mechanism, you
can specify a custom cache implementation that will be used to read,
write and clear cached files.
With a custom cache implementation you could replace the slow filesystem by a
faster storage engine, centralize the cache to be accessible to multiple
servers.
Smarty requires implementations to extend `\Smarty\Cacheresource\Base`, but encourages you to either extend
`\Smarty\Cacheresource\Custom` or `\Smarty\Cacheresource\KeyValueStore`.
- `\Smarty\Cacheresource\Custom` is a simple API directing all read, write,
clear calls to your implementation. This API allows you to store
wherever and however you deem fit.
- `\Smarty\Cacheresource\KeyValueStore` allows you to turn any
KeyValue-Store (like APC or Memcache) into a full-featured
CacheResource implementation. Everything around deep
cache-groups like "a|b|c" is being handled for you in a way that
guarantees clearing the cache-group "a" will clear all nested groups
as well - even though KeyValue-Stores don't allow this kind of
hierarchy by nature.
Custom CacheResources must be registered on
runtime with `Smarty\Smarty::setCacheResource()`:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->setCacheResource(new My_CacheResource_Mysql());
```

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# Multiple caches per template
## Introduction
You can have multiple cache files for a single call to
`display()` or `fetch()`.
Let's say that
a call to `$smarty->display('index.tpl')` may have several different output
contents depending on some condition, and you want separate caches for
each one. You can do this by passing a `$cache_id` as the second
parameter to the function call:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
$my_cache_id = (int) $_GET['article_id'];
$smarty->display('index.tpl', $my_cache_id);
```
Above, we are passing the variable `$my_cache_id` to
[`display()`](#api.display) as the `$cache_id`. For each unique value of
`$my_cache_id`, a separate cache will be generated for `index.tpl`. In
this example, `article_id` was passed in the URL and is used as the
`$cache_id`.
> **Note**
>
> Be very cautious when passing values from a client (web browser) into
> Smarty or any PHP application. Although the above example of using the
> article_id from the URL looks handy, it could have bad consequences.
> The `$cache_id` is used to create a directory on the file system, so
> if the user decided to write a script that sends random article_id's at a rapid pace,
> this could possibly cause problems at the server level.
> Be sure to sanitize any data passed in before using it. In this example, you might want to check if
> the article_id is a valid ID in the database.
Be sure to pass the same `$cache_id` as the second parameter to
`isCached()` and `clearCache()`.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
$my_cache_id = (int) $_GET['article_id'];
if (!$smarty->isCached('index.tpl', $my_cache_id)) {
// ...
}
$smarty->display('index.tpl', $my_cache_id);
```
## Clearing specific caches
You can clear all caches for a particular `$cache_id` by passing NULL as
the first parameter to `clearCache()`.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
// clear all caches with "sports" as the $cache_id
$smarty->clearCache(null, 'sports');
$smarty->display('index.tpl', 'sports');
```
In this manner, you can "group" your caches together by giving them the
same `$cache_id`.
## Advanced cache grouping
You can do more elaborate grouping by setting up `$cache_id` groups.
This is accomplished by separating each sub-group with a vertical bar
`|` in the `$cache_id` value. You can have as many sub-groups as you
like.
- You can think of cache groups like a directory hierarchy. For
instance, a cache group of `'a|b|c'` could be thought of as the
directory structure `'/a/b/c/'`.
- `clearCache(null, 'a|b|c')` would be like removing the files
`'/a/b/c/*'`. `clearCache(null, 'a|b')` would be like removing the
files `'/a/b/*'`.
- If you specify a template name such as
`clearCache('foo.tpl', 'a|b|c')` then Smarty will attempt to remove
`'/a/b/c/foo.tpl'`.
- You CANNOT remove a specified template name under multiple cache
groups such as `'/a/b/*/foo.tpl'`, the cache grouping works
left-to-right ONLY. You will need to group your templates under a
single cache group hierarchy to be able to clear them as a group.
Cache grouping should not be confused with your template directory
hierarchy, the cache grouping has no knowledge of how your templates are
structured. So for example, if you have a template structure like
`themes/blue/index.tpl` and you want to be able to clear all the cache
files for the "blue" theme, you will need to create a cache group
structure that mimics your template file structure, such as
`display('themes/blue/index.tpl', 'themes|blue')`, then clear them with
`clearCache(null, 'themes|blue')`.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$smarty->setCaching(Smarty::CACHING_LIFETIME_CURRENT);
// clear all caches with 'sports|basketball' as the first two cache_id groups
$smarty->clearCache(null, 'sports|basketball');
// clear all caches with "sports" as the first cache_id group. This would
// include "sports|basketball", or "sports|(anything)|(anything)|(anything)|..."
$smarty->clearCache(null, 'sports');
// clear the foo.tpl cache file with "sports|basketball" as the cache_id
$smarty->clearCache('foo.tpl', 'sports|basketball');
$smarty->display('index.tpl', 'sports|basketball');
```

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# Configuring Smarty
## Setting the template path
By default, Smarty looks for templates to render in `./templates`.
You can change this, or even use multiple paths to use when looking for templates.
If you need to change this, you can use `setTemplateDir()` or `addTemplateDir()`.
Use `getTemplateDir()` to retrieve the configured paths.
```php
<?php
// set a single directory where the config files are stored
$smarty->setTemplateDir('./config');
// set multiple directories where config files are stored
$smarty->setTemplateDir(['./config', './config_2', './config_3']);
// add directory where config files are stored to the current list of dirs
$smarty->addTemplateDir('./config_1');
// add multiple directories to the current list of dirs
$smarty->addTemplateDir([
'./config_2',
'./config_3',
]);
// chaining of method calls
$smarty->setTemplateDir('./config')
->addTemplateDir('./config_1')
->addTemplateDir('./config_2');
// get all directories where config files are stored
$template_dirs = $smarty->getTemplateDir();
var_dump($template_dirs); // array
// get directory identified by key
$template_dir = $smarty->getTemplateDir(0);
var_dump($template_dir); // string
```
## Setting the path for compiled templates
Smarty compiles templates to native PHP to be as fast as possible.
The default path where these PHP-files are stored is `./templates_c`.
If you need to change this, you can use `setCompileDir()`.
Use `getCompileDir()` to retrieve the configured path.
```php
<?php
// set another path to store compiled templates
$smarty->setCompileDir('/data/compiled_templates');
// get directory where compiled templates are stored
$compileDir = $smarty->getCompileDir();
```
## Setting the config path
Smarty can [load data from config files](./variables/config-files.md).
By default, Smarty loads the config files from `./configs`.
You can change this, or even use multiple paths to use when looking for config files.
If you need to change this, you can use `setConfigDir()` or `addConfigDir()`.
Use `getConfigDir()` to retrieve the configured paths.
```php
<?php
// set a single directory where the config files are stored
$smarty->setConfigDir('./config');
// set multiple directories where config files are stored
$smarty->setConfigDir(['./config', './config_2', './config_3']);
// add directory where config files are stored to the current list of dirs
$smarty->addConfigDir('./config_1');
// add multiple directories to the current list of dirs
$smarty->addConfigDir([
'./config_2',
'./config_3',
]);
// chaining of method calls
$smarty->setConfigDir('./config')
->addConfigDir('./config_1', 'one')
->addConfigDir('./config_2', 'two');
// get all directories where config files are stored
$config_dirs = $smarty->getConfigDir();
var_dump($config_dirs); // array
// get directory identified by key
$config_dir = $smarty->getConfigDir(0);
var_dump($config_dir); // string
```
## Setting the path for caches
Even though Smarty runs templates as native PHP for maximum speed, it still needs to
execute the PHP code on each call. If your data doesn't change all that often, you
may be able to speed up your application even more by using output caching.
Output caching can be a tricky subject, so we devoted an entire [section to caching](./caching/basics.md).
Be sure to read that if you want to use caching.
By default, Smarty stores caches to PHP-files in a subdirectory named `./cache`.
If you need to change this, you can use `setCacheDir()`.
Use `getCacheDir()` to retrieve the configured path.
```php
<?php
// set another path to store caches
$smarty->setCacheDir('/data/caches');
// get directory where cached templates are stored
$cacheDir = $smarty->getCacheDir();
```
## Disabling compile check
By default, Smarty tests to see if the
current template has changed since the last time
it was compiled. If it has changed, it recompiles that template.
Once an application is put into production, this compile-check step
is usually no longer needed and the extra checks can significantly hurt performance.
Be sure to disable compile checking on production for maximum performance.
```php
<?php
$smarty->setCompileCheck(\Smarty\Smarty::COMPILECHECK_OFF);
```
If [`caching`](./caching/basics.md) is enabled and compile-check is
enabled, then the cache files will get regenerated if an involved
template file or config file was updated.
## Charset encoding
There are a variety of encodings for textual data, ISO-8859-1 (Latin1)
and UTF-8 being the most popular. Unless you change `\Smarty\Smarty::$_CHARSET`,
Smarty recognizes `UTF-8` as the internal charset.
> **Note**
>
> `ISO-8859-1` has been PHP\'s default internal charset since the
> beginning. Unicode has been evolving since 1991. Since then, it has
> become the one charset to conquer them all, as it is capable of
> encoding most of the known characters even across different character
> systems (latin, cyrillic, japanese, ...). `UTF-8` is unicode\'s most
> used encoding, as it allows referencing the thousands of character
> with the smallest size overhead possible.
>
> Since unicode and UTF-8 are very widespread nowadays, their use is
> strongly encouraged.
> **Note**
>
> Smarty\'s internals and core plugins are truly UTF-8 compatible since
> Smarty 3.1.
```php
<?php
// use japanese character encoding
mb_internal_charset('EUC-JP');
\Smarty\Smarty::$_CHARSET = 'EUC-JP';
$smarty = new \Smarty\Smarty();
```

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# Custom block tags
Block tags are tags of the form: `{func} .. {/func}`. In other
words, they enclose a template block and operate on the contents of this
block.
Block functions take precedence over normal tags of the same name, that is, you
cannot have both custom tag `{func}` and block tag `{func}..{/func}`.
- By default, your function implementation is called twice by Smarty:
once for the opening tag, and once for the closing tag. (See
`$repeat` below on how to change this.)
- Only the opening tag of the block has attributes. All attributes are contained in the `$params`
variable as an associative array. The opening tag attributes are
also accessible to your function when processing the closing tag.
- The value of the `$content` variable depends on whether your
function is called for the opening or closing tag. In case of the
opening tag, it will be NULL, and in case of the closing tag it will
be the contents of the template block. Note that the template block
will have already been processed by Smarty, so all you will receive
is the template output, not the template source.
- The parameter `$repeat` is passed by reference to the function
implementation and provides a possibility for it to control how many
times the block is displayed. By default `$repeat` is TRUE at the
first call of the block function (the opening tag) and FALSE on all
subsequent calls to the block function (the block's closing tag).
Each time the function implementation returns with `$repeat` being
TRUE, the contents between `{func}...{/func}` are evaluated and the
function implementation is called again with the new block contents
in the parameter `$content`.
Example:
```php
<?php
function smarty_block_translate($params, $content, \Smarty\Template $template, &$repeat) {
// only output on the closing tag
if (!$repeat){
if (isset($content)) {
$lang = $params['lang'];
// do some intelligent translation thing here with $content
return $translation;
}
}
}
$smarty->registerPlugin(Smarty\Smarty::PLUGIN_BLOCK, 'translate', 'smarty_block_translate');
```
This can now be used in your templates as follows:
```smarty
{translate lang='nl'}
Quia omnis nulla omnis iusto est id et.
{/translate}
```

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# Creating an extension
## Default extensions
In order to organize your custom tags and modifiers, you can create an Extension.
In fact, most of Smarty itself is organized into two extensions:
- the core extension, which provides the basic language tags such as `{if}`, `{for}` and `{assign}`.
- the default extension, which provides all default modifiers such as `|escape`, `|nl2br` and `|number_format`
and tags such as `{html_image}`, `{mailto}` and `{textformat}` that are enabled by default, but not necessarily universal.
> ** Note **
>
> There is also the 'BCPluginsAdapter' extension, which does not add any new functionality, but
> wraps calls to deprecated methods such as `Smarty\Smarty::addPluginsDir()` and `Smarty\Smarty::loadFilter()`.
## Writing your own extension
In order to write your own custom extension, you must write a class that implements `Smarty\Extension\ExtensionInterface`.
However, it is usually easier to extend `Smarty\Extension\Base` which provides empty implementation for each of the methods
required by `Smarty\Extension\ExtensionInterface`. This allows you to only override the method(s) you need.
Example:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Extension\Base;
class MyExtension extends Base {
public function getModifierCompiler(string $modifier): ?\Smarty\Compile\Modifier\ModifierCompilerInterface {
switch ($modifier) {
case 'array_escape': return new MyArrayEscapeModifierCompiler();
case 'array_unescape': return new MyArrayUnescapeModifierCompiler();
}
return null;
}
}
```
Another example, that would allow you to use any valid PHP callable as a modifier in your templates:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Extension\Base;
class MyCallablePassThroughExtension extends Base {
public function getModifierCallback(string $modifierName) {
if (is_callable($modifierName)) {
return $modifierName;
}
return null;
}
}
```
Writing an extension allows you to add a group of tags, block tags and modifiers to the Smarty language.
It also allows you to register pre-, post- and output-filters in a structured way.
The files in `src/Extension/` in the `smarty/smarty` dir should give you all the information you need to start
writing your own extension.
## Registering an extension
When you have written your extension, add it to a Smarty instance as follows:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->addExtension(new MyCustomExtension());
```
This will add `MyCustomExtension` to the end of the extension list, meaning that you cannot override tags or modifiers
from one of Smarty's default extensions.
Should you wish to insert your extension at the top of the extension list, or create a very limited Smarty version that
only contains the core extension, you can use `Smarty\Smarty::setExtensions()` to override the list of extensions.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->setExtensions([
new Smarty\Extension\CoreExtension(),
new MyCustomExtension(),
new Smarty\Extension\DefaultExtension(),
]);
```

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# Extending Smarty
By default, Smarty is already very complete and powerful. However, you can unlock its real potential by
extending Smarty.
There are various ways to extend Smarty for it to suit your needs. You can create custom
[tags](tags.md), [block tags](block-tags.md) and [modifiers](modifiers.md) by registering a method as a plugin.
If this becomes too messy, you can group your custom tags, modifiers, and more into an [Extension](extensions.md).

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# Custom modifiers
Modifiers are little functions that are applied
to a variable in the template before it is displayed or used in some
other context. Smarty comes with a bunch of [modifiers](../../designers/language-modifiers/index.md), but you can
easily add your own.
In order to do so, you must write a function that accepts as its first parameter the value on which the
modifier is to operate. The rest of the parameters are optional, depending on what kind of operation is to be performed.
The modifier has to return the result of its processing.
For example:
```php
<?php
function smarty_modifier_substr($string, $offset, $length) {
return substr($string, $offset, $length);
}
$smarty->registerPlugin(Smarty\Smarty::PLUGIN_MODIFIER, 'substr', 'smarty_modifier_substr');
```
You can now use this in your templates as follows:
```smarty
{$applicationName|substr:0:20}
```

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# Custom tags
You can add your own tags to the Smarty language.
## Runtime tags
Usually, you'll add a runtime tag. Adding a runtime tag requires you to provide a callback function that accepts
two parameters:
- `$params`: all attributes from the template as an associative array.
- `$template`: a `Smarty\Template` object representing the template where tag was used.
The output (return value) of the function will be substituted in place
of the tag in the template.
If the function needs to assign some variables to the template or use
some other Smarty-provided functionality, it can use the supplied
`$template` object to do so.
```php
<?php
function smarty_tag_eightball($params, \Smarty\Template $template): string {
$answers = [
'Yes',
'No',
'No way',
'Outlook not so good',
'Ask again soon',
'Maybe in your reality'
];
$result = array_rand($answers);
return $answers[$result];
}
$smarty->registerPlugin(Smarty\Smarty::PLUGIN_FUNCTION, 'eightball', 'smarty_tag_eightball');
```
Which can now be used in the template as:
```smarty
Question: Will we ever have time travel?
Answer: {eightball}.
```
## Compiler tags
Compiler tags are called only during compilation of the template.
They are useful for injecting PHP code or time-sensitive static content
into the template. If there is both a compiler function and a runtime tag registered under the same name,
the compiler function has precedence.
The compiler function is passed two parameters: the params array which
contains precompiled strings for the attribute values and the Smarty
object. It's supposed to return the code to be injected into the
compiled template including the surrounding PHP tags.
Example:
```php
<?php
function smarty_compiler_tplheader($params, Smarty $smarty) {
return "<?php\necho '" . $smarty->_current_file . " compiled at " . date('Y-m-d H:M'). "';\n?>";
}
$smarty->registerPlugin(Smarty\Smarty::PLUGIN_COMPILER, 'tplheader', 'smarty_compiler_tplheader');
```
This function can be called from the template as:
```smarty
{* this function gets executed at compile time only *}
{tplheader}
```
The resulting PHP code in the compiled template would be something like
this:
```php
<?php
echo 'index.tpl compiled at 2023-02-20 20:02';
```

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# Output filters
When a template is rendered, its output can be sent through one or more
output filters.
> **Note**
> This differs from [`prefilters`](prefilters.md) and
> [`postfilters`](postfilters.md) because, pre- and postfilters
> operate on compiled templates before they are saved to the disk, whereas
> output filters operate on the template output when it is executed.
Smarty will pass the template output as the first argument, and expect the function
to return the result of the processing.
Output filters can be either added as part of an [Extension](../extending/extensions.md) or
registered as shown below.
This will provide a rudimentary protection against spambots:
```php
<?php
function protect_email($tpl_output, \Smarty\Template\ $template)
{
return preg_replace(
'!(\S+)@([a-zA-Z0-9\.\-]+\.([a-zA-Z]{2,3}|[0-9]{1,3}))!',
'$1%40$2',
$tpl_output
);
}
// register the outputfilter
$smarty->registerFilter("output", "protect_email");
$smarty->display("index.tpl');
```

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# Postfilters
Template postfilters are PHP functions that your templates are ran
through *after they are compiled*.
Smarty will
pass the compiled template code as the first argument, and expect the
function to return the result of the processing, which must also be valid PHP code.
Prefilters can be either added as part of an [Extension](../extending/extensions.md) or
registered as shown below.
```php
<?php
function add_header_comment($tpl_source, \Smarty\Template\ $template)
{
return "<?php echo \"<!-- Created by Smarty! -->\n\"; ?>\n".$tpl_source;
}
// register the postfilter
$smarty->registerFilter('post', 'add_header_comment');
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
The postfilter above will make the compiled Smarty template `index.tpl`
look like:
```smarty
<!-- Created by Smarty! -->
{* rest of template content... *}
```

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# Prefilters
Template prefilters are PHP functions that your templates are ran
through *before they are compiled*. This is good for preprocessing your
templates to remove unwanted comments, keeping an eye on what people are
putting in their templates, etc.
Smarty will pass the template source code as the first argument, and
expect the function to return the resulting template source code.
Prefilters can be either added as part of an [Extension](../extending/extensions.md) or
registered as shown below.
This will remove all the html comments in the template source:
```php
<?php
function remove_dw_comments($tpl_source, \Smarty\Template\ $template)
{
return preg_replace("/<!--#.*-->/U",'',$tpl_source);
}
// register the prefilter
$smarty->registerFilter('pre', 'remove_dw_comments');
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```

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# Template Inheritance
Inheritance allows you to define base templates that can
be extended by child templates. Extending means that the child template
can override all or some of the named block areas in the base template.
When you render the child template, the result will as if you rendered
the base template, with only the block(s) that you have overridden in the
child templates differing.
- The inheritance tree can be as deep as you want, meaning you can
extend a file that extends another one that extends another one and
so on.
- The child templates can not define any content besides what's
inside [`{block}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md) tags they override.
Anything outside of [`{block}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md) tags will
be removed.
- Template inheritance is a compile time process which creates a
single compiled template file. Compared to corresponding solutions
based on subtemplates included with the
[`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) tag it does have much
better performance when rendering.
## Basic inheritance
First, create a base template with one or more [blocks](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md).
Then, create a child template. The child template
must have an [{extends} tag](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-extends.md) on its first line.
The child template can redefine one or more blocks defined in the base template.
See below for a simple example.
layout.tpl (base)
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name=title}Default Page Title{/block}</title>
{block name=head}{/block}
</head>
<body>
{block name=body}{/block}
</body>
</html>
```
myproject.tpl (child)
```smarty
{extends file='layout.tpl'}
{block name=head}
<link href="/css/mypage.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<script src="/js/mypage.js"></script>
{/block}
```
mypage.tpl (grandchild)
```smarty
{extends file='myproject.tpl'}
{block name=title}My Page Title{/block}
{block name=head}
<link href="/css/mypage.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<script src="/js/mypage.js"></script>
{/block}
{block name=body}My HTML Page Body goes here{/block}
```
To render the above, you would use:
```php
<?php
$smarty->display('mypage.tpl');
```
The resulting output is:
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>My Page Title</title>
<link href="/css/mypage.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
<script src="/js/mypage.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
My HTML Page Body goes here
</body>
</html>
```
> **Note**
>
> When [compile-check](./configuring.md#disabling-compile-check) is enabled, all files
> in the inheritance tree
> are checked for modifications upon each invocation. You may want to
> disable compile-check on production servers for this reason.
> **Note**
>
> If you have a subtemplate which is included with
> [`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) and it contains
> [`{block}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md) areas it works only if the
> [`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) itself is called from within
> a surrounding [`{block}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md). In the final
> parent template you may need a dummy
> [`{block}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md) for it.
## Using append and prepend
The content of [`{block}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md) tags from child
and parent templates can be merged by the `append` or `prepend`
[`{block}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-block.md) tag option flags and
`{$smarty.block.parent}` or `{$smarty.block.child}` placeholders.
## Extends resource type
Instead of using [`{extends}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-extends.md) tags in the
template files you can define the inheritance tree in your PHP script by
using the [`extends:` resource](resources.md#the-extends-resource) type.
The code below will return same result as the example above.
```php
<?php
$smarty->display('extends:layout.tpl|myproject.tpl|mypage.tpl');
```

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# Rendering templates
## Fetching or rendering templates directly
As explained in [basics](basics.md), you can use `$smarty->fetch()` or `$smarty->display()`
to render a template directly.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->display('homepage.tpl');
// or
$output = $smarty->fetch('homepage.tpl');
```
When you use `display()`, Smarty renders the template to the standard output stream.
`fetch()` returns the output instead of echoing it.
The example above uses simple filenames to load the template. Smarty also supports
[loading templates from resources](resources.md).
## Creating a template object
You can also create a template object which later can be prepared first,
and rendered later. This can be useful, for example if you plan to re-use several
templates.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
// create template object with its private variable scope
$tpl = $smarty->createTemplate('index.tpl');
// assign a variable (available only to this template)
$tpl->assign('title', 'My Homepage!');
// display the template
$tpl->display();
```
More on assigning variables in [using data in templates](variables/assigning.md).
## Testing if a template exists
You can use `templateExists()` to check whether a template exists before you attempt to use it.
It accepts either a path to the template on the filesystem or a
resource string specifying the template.
This example uses `$_GET['page']` to
[`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) a content template. If the
template does not exist then an error page is displayed instead. First,
the `page_container.tpl`
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{$title|escape}</title>
</head>
<body>
{* include middle content page *}
{include file=$content_template}
</body>
</html>
```
And the php script:
```php
<?php
// set the filename eg index.inc.tpl
$mid_template = $_GET['page'].'.inc.tpl';
if (!$smarty->templateExists($mid_template)){
$mid_template = 'page_not_found.tpl';
}
$smarty->assign('content_template', $mid_template);
$smarty->display('page_container.tpl');
```

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# Template resources
## The filesystem resource
So far in our examples, we have used simple filenames or paths when loading a template.
For example, to load a template file called `homepage.tpl`, from the filesystem, you could write:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->display('homepage.tpl');
```
The filesystem is the default resource. Templates, however, may come
from a variety of sources. When you render a template, or
when you include a template from within another template, you supply a
resource type, followed by `:` and the appropriate path and template name.
If a resource is not explicitly given, the default resource type is assumed.
The resource type for the filesystem is `file`, which means that the previous example
can be rewritten as follows:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->display('file:homepage.tpl');
```
The file resource pulls templates source files from the directories
specified using `Smarty::setTemplateDir()` (see [Configuring Smarty](configuring.md)).
`setTemplateDir` accepts a single path, but can also ben called with an array of paths.
In that case, the list of directories is traversed in the order they appear in the array. The
first template found is the one to process.
### Templates from a specific directory
Smarty 3.1 introduced the bracket-syntax for specifying an element from
`Smarty::setTemplateDir()`. This allows websites
employing multiple sets of templates better control over which template
to access.
The bracket-syntax can be used as follows:
```php
<?php
// setup template directories
$smarty->setTemplateDir([
'./templates', // element: 0, index: 0
'./templates_2', // element: 1, index: 1
'10' => 'templates_10', // element: 2, index: '10'
'foo' => 'templates_foo', // element: 3, index: 'foo'
]);
/*
assume the template structure
./templates/foo.tpl
./templates_2/foo.tpl
./templates_2/bar.tpl
./templates_10/foo.tpl
./templates_10/bar.tpl
./templates_foo/foo.tpl
*/
// regular access
$smarty->display('file:foo.tpl');
// will load ./templates/foo.tpl
// using numeric index
$smarty->display('file:[1]foo.tpl');
// will load ./templates_2/foo.tpl
// using numeric string index
$smarty->display('file:[10]foo.tpl');
// will load ./templates_10/foo.tpl
// using string index
$smarty->display('file:[foo]foo.tpl');
// will load ./templates_foo/foo.tpl
// using "unknown" numeric index (using element number)
$smarty->display('file:[2]foo.tpl');
// will load ./templates_10/foo.tpl
```
And, from within a Smarty template:
```smarty
{include file="file:foo.tpl"}
{* will load ./templates/foo.tpl *}
{include file="file:[1]foo.tpl"}
{* will load ./templates_2/foo.tpl *}
{include file="file:[foo]foo.tpl"}
{* will load ./templates_foo/foo.tpl *}
```
### Using absolute paths
Templates outside the specified template directories
require the `file:` template resource type, followed by the absolute
path to the template (with leading slash).
```php
<?php
$smarty->display('file:/export/templates/index.tpl');
$smarty->display('file:/path/to/my/templates/menu.tpl');
````
And from within a Smarty template:
```smarty
{include file='file:/usr/local/share/templates/navigation.tpl'}
```
> **Note**
>
> With [`Security`](security.md) enabled, access to
> templates outside of the specified templates directories is
> not allowed unless you whitelist those directories.
### Windows file paths
If you are running on Windows, file paths usually include a drive
letter (such as `C:`) at the beginning of the pathname. Be sure to use `file:` in
the path to avoid namespace conflicts and get the desired results.
```php
<?php
$smarty->display('file:C:/export/templates/index.tpl');
$smarty->display('file:F:/path/to/my/templates/menu.tpl');
```
And from within Smarty template:
```smarty
{include file='file:D:/usr/local/share/templates/navigation.tpl'}
```
### Handling missing templates
If the file resource cannot find the requested template, it will check if there is
a default template handler to call. By default, there is none, and Smarty will return an error,
but you can register a default template handler calling `Smarty::registerDefaultTemplateHandler`
with any [callable](https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.types.callable.php).
```php
<?php
$smarty->registerDefaultTemplateHandler([$this, 'handleMissingTemplate']);
// ...
public function handleMissingTemplate($type, $name, &$content, &$modified, Smarty $smarty) {
if (/* ... */) {
// return corrected filepath
return "/tmp/some/foobar.tpl";
} elseif (/* ... */) {
// return a template directly
$content = "the template source";
$modified = time();
return true;
} else {
// tell smarty that we failed
return false;
}
}
```
## The string and eval resources
Smarty can render templates from a string by using the `string:` or
`eval:` resource.
- The `string:` resource behaves much the same as a template file. The
template source is compiled from a string and stores the compiled
template code for later reuse. Each unique template string will
create a new compiled template file. If your template strings are
accessed frequently, this is a good choice. If you have frequently
changing template strings (or strings with low reuse value), the
`eval:` resource may be a better choice, as it doesn\'t save
compiled templates to disk.
- The `eval:` resource evaluates the template source every time a page
is rendered. This is a good choice for strings with low reuse value.
If the same string is accessed frequently, the `string:` resource
may be a better choice.
> **Note**
>
> With a `string:` resource type, each unique string generates a
> compiled file. Smarty cannot detect a string that has changed, and
> therefore will generate a new compiled file for each unique string. It
> is important to choose the correct resource so that you do not fill
> your disk space with wasted compiled strings.
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('foo', 'value');
$template_string = 'display {$foo} here';
$smarty->display('string:' . $template_string); // compiles for later reuse
$smarty->display('eval:' . $template_string); // compiles every time
```
From within a Smarty template:
```smarty
{include file="string:$template_string"} {* compiles for later reuse *}
{include file="eval:$template_string"} {* compiles every time *}
```
Both `string:` and `eval:` resources may be encoded with
[`urlencode()`](https://www.php.net/urlencode) or
[`base64_encode()`](https://www.php.net/urlencode). This is not necessary
for the usual use of `string:` and `eval:`, but is required when using
either of them in conjunction with the [`extends resource`](#the-extends-resource).
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('foo','value');
$template_string_urlencode = urlencode('display {$foo} here');
$template_string_base64 = base64_encode('display {$foo} here');
$smarty->display('eval:urlencode:' . $template_string_urlencode); // will decode string using urldecode()
$smarty->display('eval:base64:' . $template_string_base64); // will decode string using base64_decode()
```
From within a Smarty template:
```smarty
{include file="string:urlencode:$template_string_urlencode"} {* will decode string using urldecode() *}
{include file="eval:base64:$template_string_base64"} {* will decode string using base64_decode() *}
```
## The extends resource
The `extends:` resource is used to define child/parent relationships. For details see section of
[Template inheritance](inheritance.md).
> **Note**
>
> Using the extends resource is usually not necessary. If you have a choice, it is normally more flexible and
> intuitive to handle inheritance chains from within the templates using the [{extends} tag](inheritance.md).
When `string:` and `eval:` templates are used, make sure they are properly url or base64 encoded.
The templates within an inheritance chain are not compiled separately. Only a single compiled template will be generated.
(If an `eval:` resource is found within an inheritance chain, its "don't save a compile file" property is superseded by
the `extends:` resource.)
Example:
```php
<?php
$smarty->display('extends:parent.tpl|child.tpl|grandchild.tpl');
// inheritance from multiple template sources
$smarty->display('extends:db:parent.tpl|file:child.tpl|grandchild.tpl|eval:{block name="fooBazVar_"}hello world{/block}');
```
## The stream resource
Smarty allow you to use [PHP streams](https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.stream-wrapper-register.php)
as a template resource. Smarty will first look for a registered template resource. If nothing is
found, it will check if a PHP stream is available. If a stream is available, Smarty will use it
to fetch the template.
For example,
```php
<?php
stream_wrapper_register('myresource', MyResourceStream::class);
$smarty->display('myresource:bar.tpl');
```
Or, from within a template:
```smarty
{include file="myresource:bar.tpl"}
```
## Adding your own resource type
You can create a class that extends `Smarty\Resource\CustomPlugin` to add your own resource type,
for example to load template from a database.
For example:
```php
<?php
class HelloWorldResource extends Smarty\Resource\CustomPlugin {
protected function fetch($name, &$source, &$mtime) {
$source = '{$x="hello world"}{$x}'; // load your template here based on $name
$mtime = time();
}
}
// ..
$smarty->registerResource('helloworld', new HelloWorldResource());
```
If a Resource's templates should not be run through the Smarty
compiler, the Custom Resource may extend `\Smarty\Resource\UncompiledPlugin`.
The Resource Handler must then implement the function
`renderUncompiled(\Smarty\Template $_template)`. `$_template` is
a reference to the current template and contains all assigned variables
which the implementor can access via
`$_template->getSmarty()->getTemplateVars()`. These Resources simply echo
their rendered content to the output stream. The rendered output will be
output-cached if the Smarty instance was configured accordingly. See
`src/Resource/PhpPlugin.php` for an example.
If the Resource's compiled templates should not be cached on disk, the
Custom Resource may extend `\Smarty\Resource\RecompiledPlugin`. These Resources
are compiled every time they are accessed. This may be an expensive
overhead. See `src/Resource/StringEval.php` for an
example.
## Changing the default resource type
The default resource type is `file`. If you want to change it, use `Smarty::setDefaultResourceType`.
The following example will change the default resource type to `mysql`:
```php
<?php
$smarty->setDefaultResourceType('mysql');
```

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# Security
Security is good for situations when you have untrusted parties editing
the templates, and you want to reduce the risk of system
security compromises through the template language.
The settings of the security policy are defined by overriding public properties of an
instance of the \Smarty\Security class. These are the possible settings:
- `$secure_dir` is an array of template directories that are
considered secure. A directory configured using `$smarty->setTemplateDir()` is
considered secure implicitly. The default is an empty array.
- `$trusted_uri` is an array of regular expressions matching URIs that
are considered trusted. This security directive is used by
[`{fetch}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-fetch.md) and
[`{html_image}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-html-image.md). URIs passed to
these functions are reduced to `{$PROTOCOL}://{$HOSTNAME}` to allow
simple regular expressions (without having to deal with edge cases
like authentication-tokens).
The expression `'#https?://.*smarty.net$#i'` would allow accessing
the following URIs:
- `http://smarty.net/foo`
- `http://smarty.net/foo`
- `http://www.smarty.net/foo`
- `http://smarty.net/foo`
- `https://foo.bar.www.smarty.net/foo/bla?blubb=1`
but deny access to these URIs:
- `http://smarty.com/foo` (not matching top-level domain \"com\")
- `ftp://www.smarty.net/foo` (not matching protocol \"ftp\")
- `http://www.smarty.net.otherdomain.com/foo` (not matching end of
domain \"smarty.net\")
- `$static_classes` is an array of classes that are considered
trusted. The default is an empty array which allows access to all
static classes. To disable access to all static classes set
$static_classes = null.
- `$streams` is an array of streams that are considered trusted and
can be used from within template. To disable access to all streams
set $streams = null. An empty array ( $streams = [] ) will
allow all streams. The default is array('file').
- `$allowed_modifiers` is an array of (registered / autoloaded)
modifiers that should be accessible to the template. If this array
is non-empty, only the herein listed modifiers may be used. This is
a whitelist.
- `$disabled_modifiers` is an array of (registered / autoloaded)
modifiers that may not be accessible to the template.
- `$allowed_tags` is a boolean flag which controls if constants can
function-, block and filter plugins that should be accessible to the
template. If this array is non-empty, only the herein listed
modifiers may be used. This is a whitelist.
- `$disabled_tags` is an array of (registered / autoloaded) function-,
block and filter plugins that may not be accessible to the template.
- `$allow_constants` is a boolean flag which controls if constants can
be accessed by the template. The default is "true".
- `$allow_super_globals` is a boolean flag which controls if the PHP
super globals can be accessed by the template. The default is
"true".
If security is enabled, no private methods, functions or properties of
static classes or assigned objects can be accessed (beginning with
'_') by the template.
To customize the security policy settings you can extend the
\Smarty\Security class or create an instance of it.
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
class My_Security_Policy extends \Smarty\Security {
public $allow_constants = false;
}
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->enableSecurity('My_Security_Policy');
```
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$my_security_policy = new \Smarty\Security($smarty);
$my_security_policy->allow_constants = false;
$smarty->enableSecurity($my_security_policy);
```
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
// enable default security
$smarty->enableSecurity();
```
> **Note**
>
> Most security policy settings are only checked when the template gets
> compiled. For that reason you should delete all cached and compiled
> template files when you change your security settings.

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# Assigning variables
Templates start to become really useful once you know how to use variables.
## Basic assigning
Let's revisit the example from the [basics section](../basics.md). The following script assigns a value to
the 'companyName' variable and renders the template:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$smarty->assign('companyName', 'AC & ME Corp.');
$smarty->display('footer.tpl');
```
footer.tpl:
```smarty
<small>Copyright {$companyName|escape}</small>
```
Smarty will apply the [escape modifier](../../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md)
to the value assigned to the variable
`companyName` and replace `{$companyName|escape}` with the result.
```html
<small>Copyright AC &amp; ME Corp.</small>
```
Using `$smarty->assign()` is the most common way of assigning data to templates, but there are several other methods.
## Appending data to an existing variable
Using `append()`, you can add data to an existing variable, usually an array.
If you append to a string value, it is converted to an array value and
then appended to. You can explicitly pass name/value pairs, or
associative arrays containing the name/value pairs. If you pass the
optional third parameter of TRUE, the value will be merged with the
current array instead of appended.
Examples:
```php
<?php
// This is effectively the same as assign()
$smarty->append('foo', 'Fred');
// After this line, foo will now be seen as an array in the template
$smarty->append('foo', 'Albert');
$array = [1 => 'one', 2 => 'two'];
$smarty->append('X', $array);
$array2 = [3 => 'three', 4 => 'four'];
// The following line will add a second element to the X array
$smarty->append('X', $array2);
// passing an associative array
$smarty->append(['city' => 'Lincoln', 'state' => 'Nebraska']);
```
## Assigning to template objects
When you use a template objects, as explained in [rendering a template](../rendering.md#creating-a-template-object),
you can assign data to the template objects directly instead of assigning it to Smarty. This way, you can use different
sets of data for different templates.
For example:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty();
$tplBlue = $smarty->createTemplate('blue.tpl');
$tplBlue->assign('name', 'The one');
$tplBlue->display();
$tplRed = $smarty->createTemplate('red.tpl');
$tplRed->assign('name', 'Neo');
$tplRed->display();
```
## Using data objects
For more complex use cases, Smarty supports the concept of data objects.
Data objects are containers to hold data. Data objects can be attached to templates when creating them.
This allows for fine-grained re-use of data.
For example:
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
// create a data object
$data = $smarty->createData();
// assign variable to the data object
$data->assign('name', 'Neo');
// create template object which will use variables from the data object
$tpl = $smarty->createTemplate('index.tpl', $data);
// display the template
$tpl->display();
```
## Clearing assigned data
When re-using templates, you may need to clear data assigned in a previous run. Use `clearAllAssign()` to
clear the values of all assigned variables on data objects, template objects or the Smarty object.
Examples:
```php
<?php
// assigning data to the Smarty object
$smarty->assign('Name', 'Fred');
// ...
$smarty->clearAllAssign();
// using a data object
$data = $smarty->createData();
$data->assign('name', 'Neo');
// ...
$data->clearAllAssign();
// using a template
$tplBlue = $smarty->createTemplate('blue.tpl');
$tplBlue->assign('name', 'The one');
// ...
$tplBlue->clearAllAssign();
```
Note that there it's only useful to clear assigned data if you:
1. repeatedly re-use templates, and
2. the variables used may change on each repetition
If your script simply runs once and then ends, or you always assign the same variables, clearing assigned data
is of no use.

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# Loading data from config files
Instead of [assigning data to templates from PHP](assigning.md), you can also
use a config file.
## Example config file
Config files are best suited to manage template settings
from one file. One example is a multi-language application.
Instead of writing multiple templates to support different languages,
you can write a single template file and load your language dependent strings
from config files.
Example `lang.en.ini`:
```ini
# global variables
pageTitle = "Main Menu"
[Customer]
pageTitle = "Customer Info"
[Login]
pageTitle = "Login"
focus = "username"
Intro = """This is a value that spans more
than one line. you must enclose
it in triple quotes."""
```
Values of [config file variables](../../designers/language-variables/language-config-variables.md) can be in
quotes, but not necessary. You can use either single or double quotes.
If you have a value that spans more than one line, enclose the entire
value with triple quotes \("""\). You can put comments into config
files by any syntax that is not a valid config file syntax. We recommend
using a `#` (hash) at the beginning of the line.
The example config file above has two sections. Section names are
enclosed in \[brackets\]. Section names can be arbitrary strings not
containing `[` or `]` symbols. The variable at the top is a global
variable. Global variables are always
loaded from the config file. If a particular section is loaded, then the
global variables and the variables from that section are also loaded. If
a variable exists both as a global and in a section, the section
variable is used.
## Loading a config file
Config files are loaded into templates with the built-in template
function [`{config_load}`](../../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md) or by calling
`configLoad()` from PHP:
```php
<?php
$smarty->configLoad('lang.en.ini');
```
Load a specific section with:
```php
<?php
$smarty->configLoad('lang.en.ini', 'Customer');
```
Note that the global section will always be loaded.
## Retrieving config variables in PHP
## Loading from a resource
Config files (or resources) are loaded by the same resource facilities
as templates. That means that a config file can also be loaded from a db. See [resources](../resources.md)
for more information.
## Config overwrite
If you name two variables the same within a section,
the last one will be used unless you call:
```php
<?php
$smarty->setConfigOverwrite(false);
```
When config overwrite is disabled, Smarty will create arrays of config file variables when it encounters
multiple entries with the same name.
See also [`{config_load}`](../../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md),
[`$default_config_handler_func`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-default-config-handler-func.md),
[`getConfigVars()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-get-config-vars.md),
[`clearConfig()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-clear-config.md) and
[`configLoad()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md)

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# Objects
Smarty allows access to PHP [objects](https://www.php.net/object) through
the templates.
> **Note**
>
> When you assign/register objects to templates, be sure that all
> properties and methods accessed from the template are for presentation
> purposes only. It is very easy to inject application logic through
> objects, and this leads to poor designs that are difficult to manage.
> See the Best Practices section of the Smarty website.
There are two ways to access them.
## Assign the object
You can assign objects to a template and access them much like any other assigned variable.
Example:
```php
<?php
// the object
class My_Object {
public function meth1($params, $smarty_obj) {
return 'this is my meth1';
}
}
// We can also assign objects. assign_by_ref when possible.
$smarty->assign('myobj', new My_Object());
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
And here's how to access your object in `index.tpl`:
```smarty
{$myobj->meth1('foo',$bar)}
```
## Register the object
Registerd objects use a different template syntax. Also, a registered object
can be restricted to certain methods or
properties. However, **a registered object cannot be looped over or
assigned in arrays of objects**, etc.
If security is enabled, no private methods or functions can be accessed
(beginning with '_'). If a method and property of the same name exist,
the method will be used.
You can restrict the methods and properties that can be accessed by
listing them in an array as the third registration parameter.
By default, parameters passed to objects through the templates are
passed the same way [custom tags](../../designers/language-custom-functions/index.md) get
them. An associative array is passed as the first parameter, and the
smarty object as the second. If you want the parameters passed one at a
time for each argument like traditional object parameter passing, set
the fourth registration parameter to FALSE.
The optional fifth parameter has only effect with `format` being TRUE
and contains a list of methods that should be treated as blocks. That
means these methods have a closing tag in the template
(`{foobar->meth2}...{/foobar->meth2}`) and the parameters to the methods
have the same synopsis as the parameters for
[`block tags`](../extending/block-tags.md): They get the four
parameters `$params`, `$content`, `$smarty` and `&$repeat` and they also
behave like block tags.
```php
<?php
// the object
class My_Object {
function meth1($params, $smarty_obj) {
return 'this is my meth1';
}
}
$myobj = new My_Object;
// registering the object
$smarty->registerObject('foobar', $myobj);
// if we want to restrict access to certain methods or properties, list them
$smarty->registerObject('foobar', $myobj, array('meth1','meth2','prop1'));
// if you want to use the traditional object parameter format, pass a boolean of false
$smarty->registerObject('foobar', $myobj, null, false);
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
And here's how to access your objects in `index.tpl`:
```smarty
{* access our registered object *}
{foobar->meth1 p1='foo' p2=$bar}
{* you can also assign the output *}
{foobar->meth1 p1='foo' p2=$bar assign='output'}
the output was {$output}
```

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# Static Classes
You can directly access static classes. The syntax is roughly the same as in
PHP.
> **Note**
>
> Direct access to PHP classes is not recommended. This ties the
> underlying application code structure directly to the presentation,
> and also complicates template syntax. It is recommended to register
> plugins which insulate templates from PHP classes/objects. Use at your
> own discretion.
## Examples
**class constant BAR**
```smarty
{assign var=foo value=myclass::BAR}
```
**method result**
```smarty
{assign var=foo value=myclass::method()}
```
**method chaining**
```smarty
{assign var=foo value=myclass::method1()->method2}
```
**property bar of class myclass**
```smarty
{assign var=foo value=myclass::$bar}
```
**using Smarty variable bar as class name**
```smarty
{assign var=foo value=$bar::method}
```

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# Streams
You can also use streams to call variables. *{$foo:bar}* will use the
*foo://bar* stream to get the template variable.
Using a PHP stream for a template variable resource from within a
template.
```smarty
{$foo:bar}
```
See also [`Template Resources`](../resources.md)

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# Tips & Tricks
## Blank Variable Handling
There may be times when you want to print a default value for an empty
variable instead of printing nothing, such as printing `&nbsp;` so that
html table backgrounds work properly. Many would use an
[`{if}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-if.md) statement to handle this, but there is a
shorthand way with Smarty, using the
[`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) variable modifier.
> **Note**
>
> "Undefined variable" errors will show an E\_NOTICE if not disabled in
> PHP's [`error_reporting()`](https://www.php.net/error_reporting) level or
> Smarty's [`$error_reporting`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-error-reporting.md) property and
> a variable had not been assigned to Smarty.
```smarty
{* the long way *}
{if $title eq ''}
&nbsp;
{else}
{$title}
{/if}
{* the short way *}
{$title|default:'&nbsp;'}
```
See also [`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) modifier and [default
variable handling](#default-variable-handling).
## Default Variable Handling
If a variable is used frequently throughout your templates, applying the
[`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) modifier every time it is
mentioned can get a bit ugly. You can remedy this by assigning the
variable its default value with the
[`{assign}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-assign.md) function.
{* do this somewhere at the top of your template *}
{assign var='title' value=$title|default:'no title'}
{* if $title was empty, it now contains the value "no title" when you use it *}
{$title}
See also [`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md) modifier and [blank
variable handling](#blank-variable-handling).
## Passing variable title to header template
When the majority of your templates use the same headers and footers, it
is common to split those out into their own templates and
[`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) them. But what if the header
needs to have a different title, depending on what page you are coming
from? You can pass the title to the header as an
[attribute](../designers/language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md) when it is included.
`mainpage.tpl` - When the main page is drawn, the title of "Main Page"
is passed to the `header.tpl`, and will subsequently be used as the
title.
```smarty
{include file='header.tpl' title='Main Page'}
{* template body goes here *}
{include file='footer.tpl'}
```
`archives.tpl` - When the archives page is drawn, the title will be
"Archives". Notice in the archive example, we are using a variable from
the `archives_page.conf` file instead of a hard coded variable.
```smarty
{config_load file='archive_page.conf'}
{include file='header.tpl' title=#archivePageTitle#}
{* template body goes here *}
{include file='footer.tpl'}
```
`header.tpl` - Notice that "Smarty News" is printed if the `$title`
variable is not set, using the [`default`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-default.md)
variable modifier.
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{$title|default:'Smarty News'}</title>
</head>
<body>
```
`footer.tpl`
```smarty
</body>
</html>
```
## Dates
As a rule of thumb, always pass dates to Smarty as
[timestamps](https://www.php.net/time). This allows template designers to
use the [`date_format`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-date-format.md) modifier for
full control over date formatting, and also makes it easy to compare
dates if necessary.
```smarty
{$startDate|date_format}
```
This will output:
```
Jan 4, 2009
```
```smarty
{$startDate|date_format:"%Y/%m/%d"}
```
This will output:
```
2009/01/04
```
Dates can be compared in the template by timestamps with:
```smarty
{if $order_date < $invoice_date}
...do something..
{/if}
```
When using [`{html_select_date}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-date.md)
in a template, the programmer will most likely want to convert the
output from the form back into timestamp format. Here is a function to
help you with that.
```php
<?php
// this assumes your form elements are named
// startDate_Day, startDate_Month, startDate_Year
$startDate = makeTimeStamp($startDate_Year, $startDate_Month, $startDate_Day);
function makeTimeStamp($year='', $month='', $day='')
{
if(empty($year)) {
$year = strftime('%Y');
}
if(empty($month)) {
$month = strftime('%m');
}
if(empty($day)) {
$day = strftime('%d');
}
return mktime(0, 0, 0, $month, $day, $year);
}
```
See also [`{html_select_date}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-date.md),
[`{html_select_time}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-time.md),
[`date_format`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-date-format.md) and
[`$smarty.now`](../designers/language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smarty-now),
## Componentized Templates
Traditionally, programming templates into your applications goes as
follows: First, you accumulate your variables within your PHP
application, (maybe with database queries.) Then, you instantiate your
Smarty object, [`assign()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) the variables and
[`display()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-display.md) the template. So lets say for example we
have a stock ticker on our template. We would collect the stock data in
our application, then assign these variables in the template and display
it. Now wouldn't it be nice if you could add this stock ticker to any
application by merely including the template, and not worry about
fetching the data up front?
You can do this by writing a custom plugin for fetching the content and
assigning it to a template variable.
`function.load_ticker.php`
```php
<?php
// setup our function for fetching stock data
function fetch_ticker($symbol)
{
// put logic here that fetches $ticker_info
// from some ticker resource
return $ticker_info;
}
function smarty_function_load_ticker($params, $smarty)
{
// call the function
$ticker_info = fetch_ticker($params['symbol']);
// assign template variable
$smarty->assign($params['assign'], $ticker_info);
}
```
`index.tpl`
```smarty
{load_ticker symbol='SMARTY' assign='ticker'}
Stock Name: {$ticker.name} Stock Price: {$ticker.price}
```
See also: [`{include}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md).
## Obfuscating E-mail Addresses
Do you ever wonder how your email address gets on so many spam mailing
lists? One way spammers collect email addresses is from web pages. To
help combat this problem, you can make your email address show up in
scrambled javascript in the HTML source, yet it it will look and work
correctly in the browser. This is done with the
[`{mailto}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md) plugin.
```smarty
<div id="contact">Send inquiries to
{mailto address=$EmailAddress encode='javascript' subject='Hello'}
</div>
```
> **Note**
>
> This method isn\'t 100% foolproof. A spammer could conceivably program
> his e-mail collector to decode these values, but not likely\....
> hopefully..yet \... wheres that quantum computer :-?.
See also [`escape`](../designers/language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md) modifier and
[`{mailto}`](../designers/language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md).

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# Troubleshooting
## Smarty/PHP errors
Smarty can catch many errors such as missing tag attributes or malformed
variable names. If this happens, you will see an error similar to the
following:
```
Warning: Smarty: [in index.tpl line 4]: syntax error: unknown tag - '%blah'
in /path/to/smarty/Smarty.class.php on line 1041
Fatal error: Smarty: [in index.tpl line 28]: syntax error: missing section name
in /path/to/smarty/Smarty.class.php on line 1041
```
Smarty shows you the template name, the line number and the error. After
that, the error consists of the actual line number in the Smarty class
that the error occurred.
There are certain errors that Smarty cannot catch, such as missing close
tags. These types of errors usually end up in PHP compile-time parsing
errors.
`Parse error: parse error in /path/to/smarty/templates_c/index.tpl.php on line 75`
When you encounter a PHP parsing error, the error line number will
correspond to the compiled PHP script, NOT the template itself. Usually
you can look at the template and spot the syntax error. Here are some
common things to look for: missing close tags for
[`{if}{/if}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-if.md) or
[`{section}{/section}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md),
or syntax of logic within an `{if}` tag. If you can\'t find the error, you might have to
open the compiled PHP file and go to the line number to figure out where
the corresponding error is in the template.
```
Warning: Smarty error: unable to read resource: "index.tpl" in...
```
or
```
Warning: Smarty error: unable to read resource: "site.conf" in...
```
- The [`$template_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-template-dir.md) is incorrect, doesn't
exist or the file `index.tpl` is not in the `templates/` directory
- A [`{config_load}`](../designers/language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md) function is
within a template (or [`configLoad()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md) has been
called) and either [`$config_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-dir.md) is
incorrect, does not exist or `site.conf` is not in the directory.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: the $compile_dir 'templates_c' does not exist,
or is not a directory...
```
- Either the [`$compile_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-compile-dir.md)is incorrectly
set, the directory does not exist, or `templates_c` is a file and
not a directory.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: unable to write to $compile_dir '....
```
- The [`$compile_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-compile-dir.md) is not writable by the
web server. See the bottom of the [installing
smarty](../getting-started.md#installation) page for more about permissions.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: the $cache_dir 'cache' does not exist,
or is not a directory. in /..
```
- This means that [`$caching`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-caching.md) is enabled and
either; the [`$cache_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-cache-dir.md) is incorrectly set,
the directory does not exist, or `cache/` is a file and not a
directory.
```
Fatal error: Smarty error: unable to write to $cache_dir '/...
```
- This means that [`$caching`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-caching.md) is enabled and the
[`$cache_dir`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-cache-dir.md) is not writable by the web
server. See the bottom of the [installing
smarty](../getting-started.md#installation) page for permissions.
```
Warning: filemtime(): stat failed for /path/to/smarty/cache/3ab50a623e65185c49bf17c63c90cc56070ea85c.one.tpl.php
in /path/to/smarty/libs/sysplugins/smarty_resource.php
```
- This means that your application registered a custom error handler
(using [set_error_handler()](https://www.php.net/set_error_handler))
which is not respecting the given `$errno` as it should. If, for
whatever reason, this is the desired behaviour of your custom error
handler, please call
[`muteExpectedErrors()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-mute-expected-errors.md) after you've
registered your custom error handler.
See also [debugging](../designers/chapter-debugging-console.md).

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# Debugging Console
There is a debugging console included with Smarty. The console informs
you of all the [included](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-include.md) templates,
[assigned](../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) variables and
[config](./language-variables/language-config-variables.md) file variables for the current
invocation of the template. A template file named `debug.tpl` is
included with the distribution of Smarty which controls the formatting
of the console.
Set [`$debugging`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debugging.md) to TRUE in Smarty, and if needed
set [`$debug_tpl`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debug-template.md) to the template resource
path to `debug.tpl`. When you load the page, a Javascript console window will pop
up and give you the names of all the included templates and assigned
variables for the current page.
To see the available variables for a particular template, see the
[`{debug}`](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-debug.md) template function. To disable the
debugging console, set [`$debugging`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debugging.md) to FALSE. You
can also temporarily turn on the debugging console by putting
`SMARTY_DEBUG` in the URL if you enable this option with
[`$debugging_ctrl`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-debugging-ctrl.md).
> **Note**
>
> The debugging console does not work when you use the
> [`fetch()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-fetch.md) API, only when using
> [`display()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-display.md). It is a set of javascript statements
> added to the very bottom of the generated template. If you do not like
> javascript, you can edit the `debug.tpl` template to format the output
> however you like. Debug data is not cached and `debug.tpl` info is not
> included in the output of the debug console.
> **Note**
>
> The load times of each template and config file are in seconds, or
> fractions thereof.
See also [troubleshooting](../appendixes/troubleshooting.md).

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# Config Files
Config files are handy for designers to manage global template variables
from one file. One example is template colors. Normally if you wanted to
change the color scheme of an application, you would have to go through
each and every template file and change the colors. With a config file,
the colors can be kept in one place, and only one file needs to be
updated.
```ini
# global variables
pageTitle = "Main Menu"
bodyBgColor = #000000
tableBgColor = #000000
rowBgColor = #00ff00
[Customer]
pageTitle = "Customer Info"
[Login]
pageTitle = "Login"
focus = "username"
Intro = """This is a value that spans more
than one line. you must enclose
it in triple quotes."""
# hidden section
[.Database]
host=my.example.com
db=ADDRESSBOOK
user=php-user
pass=foobar
```
Values of [config file variables](./language-variables/language-config-variables.md) can be in
quotes, but not necessary. You can use either single or double quotes.
If you have a value that spans more than one line, enclose the entire
value with triple quotes \("""\). You can put comments into config
files by any syntax that is not a valid config file syntax. We recommend
using a `#` (hash) at the beginning of the line.
The example config file above has two sections. Section names are
enclosed in \[brackets\]. Section names can be arbitrary strings not
containing `[` or `]` symbols. The four variables at the top are global
variables, or variables not within a section. These variables are always
loaded from the config file. If a particular section is loaded, then the
global variables and the variables from that section are also loaded. If
a variable exists both as a global and in a section, the section
variable is used. If you name two variables the same within a section,
the last one will be used unless
[`$config_overwrite`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-overwrite.md) is disabled.
Config files are loaded into templates with the built-in template
function [`{config_load}`](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md) or the API
[`configLoad()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md) function.
You can hide variables or entire sections by prepending the variable
name or section name with a period(.) eg `[.hidden]`. This is useful if
your application reads the config files and gets sensitive data from
them that the template engine does not need. If you have third parties
doing template editing, you can be certain that they cannot read
sensitive data from the config file by loading it into the template.
Config files (or resources) are loaded by the same resource facilities
as templates. That means that a config file can also be loaded from a db
`$smarty->configLoad("db:my.conf")`.
See also [`{config_load}`](./language-builtin-functions/language-function-config-load.md),
[`$config_overwrite`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-overwrite.md),
[`$default_config_handler_func`](../programmers/api-variables/variable-default-config-handler-func.md),
[`getConfigVars()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-get-config-vars.md),
[`clearConfig()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-clear-config.md) and
[`configLoad()`](../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md)

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# Basic Syntax
A simple Smarty template could look like this:
```smarty
<h1>{$title|escape}</h1>
<ul>
{foreach $cities as $city}
<li>{$city.name|escape} ({$city.population})</li>
{foreachelse}
<li>no cities found</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
```
All Smarty template tags are enclosed within delimiters. By default
these are `{` and `}`, but they can be
[changed](../../designers/language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md).
For the examples in this manual, we will assume that you are using the
default delimiters. In Smarty, all content outside of delimiters is
displayed as static content, or unchanged. When Smarty encounters
template tags, it attempts to interpret them, and displays the
appropriate output in their place.
The basic components of the Smarty syntax are:
- [Comments](language-syntax-comments.md)
- [Variables](language-syntax-variables.md)
- [Operators](language-syntax-operators.md)
- [Tags](language-syntax-tags.md)
- [Attributes](language-syntax-attributes.md)
- [Quotes](language-syntax-quotes.md)
- [Escaping](language-escaping.md)

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# Escaping Smarty parsing
It is sometimes desirable or even necessary to have Smarty ignore
sections it would otherwise parse. A classic example is embedding
Javascript or CSS code in a template. The problem arises as those
languages use the { and } characters which are also the default
[delimiters](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-ldelim.md) for Smarty.
> **Note**
>
> A good practice for avoiding escapement altogether is by separating
> your Javascript/CSS into their own files and use standard HTML methods
> to access them. This will also take advantage of browser script
> caching. When you need to embed Smarty variables/functions into your
> Javascript/CSS, then the following applies.
In Smarty templates, the { and } braces will be ignored so long as they
are surrounded by white space. This behavior can be disabled by setting
the Smarty class variable [`$auto_literal`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-auto-literal.md) to
false.
## Examples
```smarty
<script>
// the following braces are ignored by Smarty
// since they are surrounded by whitespace
function foobar {
alert('foobar!');
}
// this one will need literal escapement
{literal}
function bazzy {alert('foobar!');}
{/literal}
</script>
```
[`{literal}..{/literal}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-literal.md) blocks are used
for escaping blocks of template logic. You can also escape the braces
individually with
[`{ldelim}`, `{rdelim}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-ldelim.md) tags or
[`{$smarty.ldelim}`,`{$smarty.rdelim}`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyldelim-smartyrdelim-languagevariablessmartyldelim)
variables.
Smarty's default delimiters { and } cleanly represent presentational
content. However, if another set of delimiters suit your needs better,
you can change them with Smarty's
`setLeftDelimiter()` and `setRightDelimiter()` methods.
> **Note**
>
> Changing delimiters affects ALL template syntax and escapement. Be
> sure to clear out cache and compiled files if you decide to change
> them.
```php
<?php
$smarty->setLeftDelimiter('<!--{');
$smarty->setRightDelimiter('}-->');
$smarty->assign('foo', 'bar');
$smarty->assign('name', 'Albert');
$smarty->display('example.tpl');
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
Welcome <!--{$name}--> to Smarty
<script>
var foo = <!--{$foo}-->;
function dosomething() {
alert("foo is " + foo);
}
dosomething();
</script>
```

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# Attributes
Most of the [tags](./language-syntax-tags.md) take attributes that
specify or modify their behavior. Attributes to Smarty functions are
much like HTML attributes. Static values don't have to be enclosed in
quotes, but it is required for literal strings. Variables with or
without modifiers may also be used, and should not be in quotes. You can
even use PHP function results, plugin results and complex expressions.
Some attributes require boolean values (TRUE or FALSE). These can be
specified as `true` and `false`. If an attribute has no value assigned
it gets the default boolean value of true.
## Examples
```smarty
{include file="header.tpl"}
{include file="header.tpl" nocache} // is equivalent to nocache=true
{include file="header.tpl" attrib_name="attrib value"}
{include file=$includeFile}
{include file=#includeFile# title="My Title"}
{assign var=foo value={counter}} // plugin result
{assign var=foo value=substr($bar,2,5)} // PHP function result
{assign var=foo value=$bar|strlen} // using modifier
{assign var=foo value=$buh+$bar|strlen} // more complex expression
{html_select_date display_days=true}
{mailto address="smarty@example.com"}
<select name="company_id">
{html_options options=$companies selected=$company_id}
</select>
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.

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# Comments
Template comments are surrounded by asterisks, and that is surrounded by
the [delimiter](../../designers/language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md) tags like so:
## Examples
```smarty
{* this is a comment *}
```
Smarty comments are NOT displayed in the final output of the template,
unlike `<!-- HTML comments -->`. These are useful for making internal
notes in the templates which no one will see ;-)
```smarty
{* I am a Smarty comment, I don't exist in the compiled output *}
<html>
<head>
<title>{$title}</title>
</head>
<body>
{* another single line smarty comment *}
<!-- HTML comment that is sent to the browser -->
{* this multiline smarty
comment is
not sent to browser
*}
{*********************************************************
Multi line comment block with credits block
@ author: bg@example.com
@ maintainer: support@example.com
@ para: var that sets block style
@ css: the style output
**********************************************************}
{* The header file with the main logo and stuff *}
{include file='header.tpl'}
{* Dev note: the $includeFile var is assigned in foo.php script *}
<!-- Displays main content block -->
{include file=$includeFile}
{* this <select> block is redundant *}
{*
<select name="company">
{html_options options=$vals selected=$selected_id}
</select>
*}
<!-- Show header from affiliate is disabled -->
{* $affiliate|upper *}
{* you cannot nest comments *}
{*
<select name="company">
{* <option value="0">-- none -- </option> *}
{html_options options=$vals selected=$selected_id}
</select>
*}
</body>
</html>
```

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# Operators
## Basic
Various basic operators can be applied directly to variable values.
## Examples
```smarty
{$foo + 1}
{$foo * $bar}
{$foo->bar - $bar[1] * $baz->foo->bar() -3 * 7}
{if ($foo + $bar.test % $baz * 134232 + 10 + $b + 10)}
...
{/if}
{$foo = $foo + $bar}
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.
## Ternary
You can use the `?:` (or ternary) operator to test one expression and present the value
of the second or third expression, based on the result of the test.
In other words:
```smarty
{$test ? "OK" : "FAIL"}
```
will result in OK if `$test` is set to true, and in FAIL otherwise.
There is also a shorthand `?:` operator:
```smarty
{$myVar ?: "empty"}
```
will result in 'empty' if `$myVar` is not set or set to something that evaluates to false, such as an empty string.
If `$myVar` is set to something that evaluates to true, the value of `$myVar` is returned. So, the following will
return 'hello':
```smarty
{$myVar="hello"}
{$myVar ?: "empty"}
```
## Testing for null
If "something that evaluates to false" is to broad a test for you, you can use the `??` (or null coalescing) operator
to trigger only if the tested value is undefined or set to null.
```smarty
{$myVar ?? "empty"}
```
will result in 'empty' if `$myVar` is not set or set to null.
If `$myVar` is set to something that evaluates to anything else, the value of `$myVar` is returned. So, the following will
return an empty string (''):
```smarty
{$myVar=""}
{$myVar ?: "this is not shown"}
```

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# Embedding Vars in Double Quotes
- Smarty will recognize [assigned](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md)
[variables](./language-syntax-variables.md) embedded in "double
quotes" so long as the variable name contains only numbers, letters
and under_scores. See [naming](https://www.php.net/language.variables)
for more detail.
- With any other characters, for example a period(.) or
`$object->reference`, then the variable must be surrounded by `` `backticks` ``.
- In addition, Smarty does allow embedded Smarty tags in double-quoted
strings. This is useful if you want to include variables with
modifiers, plugin or PHP function results.
## Examples
```smarty
{func var="test $foo test"} // sees $foo
{func var="test $foo_bar test"} // sees $foo_bar
{func var="test `$foo[0]` test"} // sees $foo[0]
{func var="test `$foo[bar]` test"} // sees $foo[bar]
{func var="test $foo.bar test"} // sees $foo (not $foo.bar)
{func var="test `$foo.bar` test"} // sees $foo.bar
{func var="test `$foo.bar` test"|escape} // modifiers outside quotes!
{func var="test {$foo|escape} test"} // modifiers inside quotes!
{func var="test {time()} test"} // PHP function result
{func var="test {counter} test"} // plugin result
{func var="variable foo is {if !$foo}not {/if} defined"} // Smarty block function
{* will replace $tpl_name with value *}
{include file="subdir/$tpl_name.tpl"}
{* does NOT replace $tpl_name *}
{include file='subdir/$tpl_name.tpl'} // vars require double quotes!
{* must have backticks as it contains a dot "." *}
{cycle values="one,two,`$smarty.config.myval`"}
{* must have backticks as it contains a dot "." *}
{include file="`$module.contact`.tpl"}
{* can use variable with dot syntax *}
{include file="`$module.$view`.tpl"}
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.
See also [`escape`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md).

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# Tags
Every Smarty tag either prints a [variable](./language-syntax-variables.md) or
invokes some sort of function. These are processed and displayed by
enclosing the function and its [attributes](./language-syntax-attributes.md)
within delimiters like so: `{funcname attr1="val1" attr2="val2"}`.
## Examples
```smarty
{config_load file="colors.conf"}
{include file="header.tpl"}
{if $logged_in}
Welcome, <span style="color:{#fontColor#}">{$name}!</span>
{else}
hi, {$name}
{/if}
{include file="footer.tpl"}
```
- Both [built-in functions](../language-builtin-functions/index.md) and [custom
functions](../language-custom-functions/index.md) have the same syntax within
templates.
- Built-in functions are the **inner** workings of Smarty, such as
[`{if}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-if.md),
[`{section}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md) and
[`{strip}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-strip.md). There should be no need to
change or modify them.
- Custom tags are **additional** tags implemented via
[plugins](../../api/extending/introduction.md). They can be modified to your liking, or you can
create new ones. [`{html_options}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-html-options.md)
is an example of a custom function.
See also [`registerPlugin()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-register-plugin.md)

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# Variables
Template variables start with the $dollar sign. They can contain
numbers, letters and underscores, much like a [PHP
variable](https://www.php.net/language.variables). You can reference arrays
by index numerically or non-numerically. Also reference object
properties and methods.
[Config file variables](../language-variables/language-config-variables.md) are an exception to
the \$dollar syntax and are instead referenced with surrounding
\#hashmarks\#, or via the [`$smarty.config`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyconfig-languagevariablessmartyconfig) variable.
## Examples
```smarty
{$foo} <-- displaying a simple variable (non array/object)
{$foo[4]} <-- display the 5th element of a zero-indexed array
{$foo.bar} <-- display the "bar" key value of an array, similar to PHP $foo['bar']
{$foo.$bar} <-- display variable key value of an array, similar to PHP $foo[$bar]
{$foo->bar} <-- display the object property "bar"
{$foo->bar()} <-- display the return value of object method "bar"
{#foo#} <-- display the config file variable "foo"
{$smarty.config.foo} <-- synonym for {#foo#}
{$foo[bar]} <-- syntax only valid in a section loop, see {section}
{assign var=foo value='baa'}{$foo} <-- displays "baa", see {assign}
Many other combinations are allowed
{$foo.bar.baz}
{$foo.$bar.$baz}
{$foo[4].baz}
{$foo[4].$baz}
{$foo.bar.baz[4]}
{$foo->bar($baz,2,$bar)} <-- passing parameters
{"foo"} <-- static values are allowed
{* display the server variable "SERVER_NAME" ($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'])*}
{$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME}
Math and embedding tags:
{$x+$y} // will output the sum of x and y.
{assign var=foo value=$x+$y} // in attributes
{$foo[$x+3]} // as array index
{$foo={counter}+3} // tags within tags
{$foo="this is message {counter}"} // tags within double quoted strings
Defining Arrays:
{assign var=foo value=[1,2,3]}
{assign var=foo value=['y'=>'yellow','b'=>'blue']}
{assign var=foo value=[1,[9,8],3]} // can be nested
Short variable assignment:
{$foo=$bar+2}
{$foo = strlen($bar)} // function in assignment
{$foo = myfunct( ($x+$y)*3 )} // as function parameter
{$foo.bar=1} // assign to specific array element
{$foo.bar.baz=1}
{$foo[]=1} // appending to an array
Smarty "dot" syntax (note: embedded {} are used to address ambiguities):
{$foo.a.b.c} => $foo['a']['b']['c']
{$foo.a.$b.c} => $foo['a'][$b]['c'] // with variable index
{$foo.a.{$b+4}.c} => $foo['a'][$b+4]['c'] // with expression as index
{$foo.a.{$b.c}} => $foo['a'][$b['c']] // with nested index
PHP-like syntax, alternative to "dot" syntax:
{$foo[1]} // normal access
{$foo['bar']}
{$foo['bar'][1]}
{$foo[$x+$x]} // index may contain any expression
{$foo[$bar[1]]} // nested index
{$foo[section_name]} // smarty {section} access, not array access!
Variable variables:
$foo // normal variable
$foo_{$bar} // variable name containing other variable
$foo_{$x+$y} // variable name containing expressions
$foo_{$bar}_buh_{$blar} // variable name with multiple segments
{$foo_{$x}} // will output the variable $foo_1 if $x has a value of 1.
Object chaining:
{$object->method1($x)->method2($y)}
Direct PHP function access:
{time()}
```
> **Note**
>
> Although Smarty can handle some very complex expressions and syntax,
> it is a good rule of thumb to keep the template syntax minimal and
> focused on presentation. If you find your template syntax getting too
> complex, it may be a good idea to move the bits that do not deal
> explicitly with presentation to PHP by way of plugins or modifiers.
Request variables such as `$_GET`, `$_SESSION`, etc are available via
the reserved [`$smarty`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md) variable.
See also [`$smarty`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md), [config
variables](../language-variables/language-config-variables.md)
[`{assign}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-assign.md) and [`assign()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md).

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# Built-in Functions
Smarty comes with several built-in functions. These built-in functions
are the integral part of the smarty template engine. They are compiled
into corresponding inline PHP code for maximum performance.
You cannot create your own [custom tags](../language-custom-functions/index.md) with the same name; and you
should not need to modify the built-in functions.
A few of these functions have an `assign` attribute which collects the
result the function to a named template variable instead of being
output; much like the [`{assign}`](language-function-assign.md) function.
- [{append}](language-function-append.md)
- [{assign} or {$var=...}](language-function-assign.md)
- [{block}](language-function-block.md)
- [{call}](language-function-call.md)
- [{capture}](language-function-capture.md)
- [{config_load}](language-function-config-load.md)
- [{debug}](language-function-debug.md)
- [{extends}](language-function-extends.md)
- [{for}](language-function-for.md)
- [{foreach}, {foreachelse}](language-function-foreach.md)
- [{function}](language-function-function.md)
- [{if}, {elseif}, {else}](language-function-if.md)
- [{include}](language-function-include.md)
- [{insert}](language-function-insert.md)
- [{ldelim}, {rdelim}](language-function-ldelim.md)
- [{literal}](language-function-literal.md)
- [{nocache}](language-function-nocache.md)
- [{section}, {sectionelse}](language-function-section.md)
- [{setfilter}](language-function-setfilter.md)
- [{strip}](language-function-strip.md)
- [{while}](language-function-while.md)

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# {append}
`{append}` is used for creating or appending template variable arrays
**during the execution of a template**.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| var | | The name of the variable being assigned |
| value | | The value being assigned |
| index | (optional) | The index for the new array element. If not specified the value is append to the end of the array. |
| scope | (optional) | The scope of the assigned variable: parent, root or global. Defaults to local if omitted. |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Assigns the variable with the 'nocache' attribute |
> **Note**
>
> Assignment of variables in-template is essentially placing application
> logic into the presentation that may be better handled in PHP. Use at
> your own discretion.
## Examples
```smarty
{append var='name' value='Bob' index='first'}
{append var='name' value='Meyer' index='last'}
// or
{append 'name' 'Bob' index='first'} {* short-hand *}
{append 'name' 'Meyer' index='last'} {* short-hand *}
The first name is {$name.first}.<br>
The last name is {$name.last}.
```
The above example will output:
The first name is Bob.
The last name is Meyer.
See also [`append()`](#api.append) and
[`getTemplateVars()`](#api.get.template.vars).

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# {assign}, {$var=...}
`{assign}` or `{$var=...}` is used for assigning template variables **during the
execution of a template**.
## Attributes of the {assign} syntax
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| var | | The name of the variable being assigned |
| value | | The value being assigned |
| scope | (optional) | The scope of the assigned variable: \'parent\',\'root\' or \'global\' |
## Attributes of the {$var=...} syntax
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| scope | (optional) | The scope of the assigned variable: \'parent\',\'root\' or \'global\' |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|---------------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Assigns the variable with the 'nocache' attribute |
> **Note**
>
> Assignment of variables in-template is essentially placing application
> logic into the presentation that may be better handled in PHP. Use at
> your own discretion.
## Examples
```smarty
{assign var="name" value="Bob"} {* or *}
{assign "name" "Bob"} {* short-hand, or *}
{$name='Bob'}
The value of $name is {$name}.
```
The above example will output:
```
The value of $name is Bob.
```
```smarty
{assign var="name" value="Bob" nocache} {* or *}
{assign "name" "Bob" nocache} {* short-hand, or *}
{$name='Bob' nocache}
The value of $name is {$name}.
```
The above example will output:
```
The value of $name is Bob.
```
```smarty
{assign var=running_total value=$running_total+$some_array[$row].some_value} {* or *}
{$running_total=$running_total+$some_array[row].some_value}
```
Variables assigned in the included template will be seen in the
including template.
```smarty
{include file="sub_template.tpl"}
{* display variable assigned in sub_template *}
{$foo}<br>
```
The template above includes the example `sub_template.tpl` below:
```smarty
{* foo will be known also in the including template *}
{assign var="foo" value="something" scope=parent}
{$foo="something" scope=parent}
{* bar is assigned only local in the including template *}
{assign var="bar" value="value"} {* or *}
{$var="value"}
```
You can assign a variable to root of the current root tree. The variable
is seen by all templates using the same root tree.
```smarty
{assign var=foo value="bar" scope="root"}
```
A global variable is seen by all templates.
```smarty
{assign var=foo value="bar" scope="global"} {* or *}
{assign "foo" "bar" scope="global"} {* short-hand, or *}
{$foo="bar" scope="global"}
```
To access `{assign}` variables from a php script use
[`getTemplateVars()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-get-template-vars.md).
Here's the template that creates the variable `$foo`.
```smarty
{assign var="foo" value="Smarty"} {* or *}
{$foo="Smarty"}
```
The template variables are only available after/during template
execution as in the following script.
```php
<?php
// this will output nothing as the template has not been executed
echo $smarty->getTemplateVars('foo');
// fetch the template to a variable
$whole_page = $smarty->fetch('index.tpl');
// this will output 'smarty' as the template has been executed
echo $smarty->getTemplateVars('foo');
$smarty->assign('foo','Even smarter');
// this will output 'Even smarter'
echo $smarty->getTemplateVars('foo');
```
The following functions can also *optionally* assign template variables: [`{capture}`](#language.function.capture),
[`{include}`](#language.function.include),
[`{counter}`](#language.function.counter),
[`{cycle}`](#language.function.cycle),
[`{eval}`](#language.function.eval),
[`{fetch}`](#language.function.fetch),
[`{math}`](#language.function.math) and
[`{textformat}`](#language.function.textformat).
See also [`{append}`](./language-function-append.md),
[`assign()`](#api.assign) and
[`getTemplateVars()`](#api.get.template.vars).

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# {block}
`{block}` is used to define a named area of template source for template
inheritance. For details see section of [Template
Inheritance](../../api/inheritance.md).
The `{block}` template source area of a child template will replace the
corresponding areas in the parent template(s).
Optionally `{block}` areas of child and parent templates can be merged
into each other. You can append or prepend the parent `{block}` content
by using the `append` or `prepend` option flag with the child's `{block}`
definition. With `{$smarty.block.parent}` the `{block}` content of
the parent template can be inserted at any location of the child
`{block}` content. `{$smarty.block.child}` inserts the `{block}` content
of the child template at any location of the parent `{block}`.
`{blocks}'s` can be nested.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | yes | The name of the template source block |
| assign | no | The name of variable to assign the output of the block to. |
> **Note**
>
> The assign attribute only works on the block that actually gets executed, so you may need
> to add it to each child block as well.
## Option Flags (in child templates only):
| Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| append | The `{block}` content will be appended to the content of the parent template `{block}` |
| prepend | The `{block}` content will be prepended to the content of the parent template `{block}` |
| hide | Ignore the block content if no child block of same name is existing. |
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{block}` content |
## Examples
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}Default Title{/block}</title>
<title>{block "title"}Default Title{/block}</title> {* short-hand *}
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title"}
Page Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}Title - {/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title" append}
Page Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>Title - Page Title</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"} is my title{/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title" prepend}
Page Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title is my titel</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}The {$smarty.block.child} was inserted here{/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title"}
Child Title
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>The Child Title was inserted here</title>
</head>
</html>
```
parent.tpl
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{block name="title"}Parent Title{/block}</title>
</head>
</html>
```
child.tpl
```smarty
{extends file="parent.tpl"}
{block name="title"}
You will see now - {$smarty.block.parent} - here
{/block}
```
The result would look like
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>You will see now - Parent Title - here</title>
</head>
</html>
```
See also [Template
Inheritance](../../api/inheritance.md),
[`$smarty.block.parent`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyblockparent-languagevariablessmartyblockparent),
[`$smarty.block.child`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartyblockchild-languagevariablessmartyblockchild), and
[`{extends}`](./language-function-extends.md)

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# {call}
`{call}` is used to call a template function defined by the
[`{function}`](./language-function-function.md) tag just like a plugin
function.
> **Note**
>
> Template functions are defined global. Since the Smarty compiler is a
> single-pass compiler, The `{call}` tag must
> be used to call a template function defined externally from the given
> template. Otherwise you can directly use the function as
> `{funcname ...}` in the template.
- The `{call}` tag must have the `name` attribute which contains the
name of the template function.
- Values for variables can be passed to the template function as
[attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md).
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the template function |
| assign | No | The name of the variable that the output of called template function will be assigned to |
| [var ...] | No | variable to pass local to template function |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|--------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Call the template function in nocache mode |
## Examples
```smarty
{* define the function *}
{function name=menu level=0}
<ul class="level{$level}">
{foreach $data as $entry}
{if is_array($entry)}
<li>{$entry@key}</li>
{call name=menu data=$entry level=$level+1}
{else}
<li>{$entry}</li>
{/if}
{/foreach}
</ul>
{/function}
{* create an array to demonstrate *}
{$menu = ['item1','item2','item3' => ['item3-1','item3-2','item3-3' =>
['item3-3-1','item3-3-2']],'item4']}
{* run the array through the function *}
{call name=menu data=$menu}
{call menu data=$menu} {* short-hand *}
```
Will generate the following output
```
* item1
* item2
* item3
o item3-1
o item3-2
o item3-3
+ item3-3-1
+ item3-3-2
* item4
```
See also [`{function}`](./language-function-function.md).

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# {capture}
`{capture}` is used to collect the output of the template between the
tags into a variable instead of displaying it. Any content between
`{capture name='foo'}` and `{/capture}` is collected into the variable
specified in the `name` attribute.
The captured content can be used in the template from the variable
[`$smarty.capture.foo`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartycapture-languagevariablessmartycapture) where "foo"
is the value passed in the `name` attribute. If you do not supply the
`name` attribute, then "default" will be used as the name ie
`$smarty.capture.default`.
`{capture}'s` can be nested.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the captured block |
| assign | No | The variable name where to assign the captured output to |
| append | No | The name of an array variable where to append the captured output to |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|-----------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of this captured block |
## Examples
```smarty
{* we don't want to print a div tag unless content is displayed *}
{capture name="banner"}
{capture "banner"} {* short-hand *}
{include file="get_banner.tpl"}
{/capture}
{if $smarty.capture.banner ne ""}
<div id="banner">{$smarty.capture.banner}</div>
{/if}
```
This example demonstrates the capture function.
```smarty
{capture name=some_content assign=popText}
{capture some_content assign=popText} {* short-hand *}
The server is {$my_server_name|upper} at {$my_server_addr}<br>
Your ip is {$my_ip}.
{/capture}
<a href="#">{$popText}</a>
```
This example also demonstrates how multiple calls of capture can be used
to create an array with captured content.
```smarty
{capture append="foo"}hello{/capture}I say just {capture append="foo"}world{/capture}
{foreach $foo as $text}{$text} {/foreach}
```
The above example will output:
```
I say just hello world
```
See also [`$smarty.capture`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartycapture-languagevariablessmartycapture),
[`{eval}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-eval.md),
[`{fetch}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-fetch.md), [`fetch()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-fetch.md) and
[`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md).

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# {config_load}
`{config_load}` is used for loading config
[`#variables#`](#language.config.variables) from a [configuration file](#config.files) into the template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The name of the config file to include |
| section | No | The name of the section to load |
| scope | no | How the scope of the loaded variables are treated, which must be one of local, parent or global. local means variables are loaded into the local template context. parent means variables are loaded into both the local context and the parent template that called it. global means variables are available to all templates. |
## Examples
The `example.conf` file.
```ini
#this is config file comment
# global variables
pageTitle = "Main Menu"
bodyBgColor = #000000
tableBgColor = #000000
rowBgColor = #00ff00
#customer variables section
[Customer]
pageTitle = "Customer Info"
```
and the template
```smarty
{config_load file="example.conf"}
{config_load "example.conf"} {* short-hand *}
<html>
<title>{#pageTitle#|default:"No title"}</title>
<body bgcolor="{#bodyBgColor#}">
<table border="{#tableBorderSize#}" bgcolor="{#tableBgColor#}">
<tr bgcolor="{#rowBgColor#}">
<td>First</td>
<td>Last</td>
<td>Address</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
[Config Files](#config.files) may also contain sections. You can load
variables from within a section with the added attribute `section`. Note
that global config variables are always loaded along with section
variables, and same-named section variables overwrite the globals.
> **Note**
>
> Config file *sections* and the built-in template function called
> [`{section}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md) have nothing to do with each
> other, they just happen to share a common naming convention.
```smarty
{config_load file='example.conf' section='Customer'}
{config_load 'example.conf' 'Customer'} {* short-hand *}
<html>
<title>{#pageTitle#}</title>
<body bgcolor="{#bodyBgColor#}">
<table border="{#tableBorderSize#}" bgcolor="{#tableBgColor#}">
<tr bgcolor="{#rowBgColor#}">
<td>First</td>
<td>Last</td>
<td>Address</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
See [`$config_overwrite`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-overwrite.md) to create arrays
of config file variables.
See also the [config files](../config-files.md) page, [config variables](../language-variables/language-config-variables.md) page,
[`$config_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-config-dir.md),
[`getConfigVars()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-get-config-vars.md) and
[`configLoad()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-config-load.md).

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# {debug}
`{debug}` dumps the debug console to the page. This works regardless of
the [debug](../chapter-debugging-console.md) settings in the php script.
Since this gets executed at runtime, this is only able to show the
[assigned](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) variables; not the templates that are in use.
However, you can see all the currently available variables within the
scope of a template.
If caching is enabled and a page is loaded from cache `{debug}` does
show only the variables which assigned for the cached page.
In order to see also the variables which have been locally assigned
within the template it does make sense to place the `{debug}` tag at the
end of the template.
See also the [debugging console page](../chapter-debugging-console.md).

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# {extends}
`{extends}` tags are used in child templates in template inheritance for
extending parent templates. For details see section of [Template
Inheritance](../../api/inheritance.md).
- The `{extends}` tag must be on the first line of the template.
- If a child template extends a parent template with the `{extends}`
tag it may contain only `{block}` tags. Any other template content
is ignored.
- Use the syntax for [template resources](../../api/resources.md) to extend files
outside the [`$template_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-template-dir.md) directory.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|----------|-------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The name of the template file which is extended |
> **Note**
>
> When extending a variable parent like `{extends file=$parent_file}`,
> make sure you include `$parent_file` in the
> [`$compile_id`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-compile-id.md). Otherwise, Smarty cannot
> distinguish between different `$parent_file`s.
## Examples
```smarty
{extends file='parent.tpl'}
{extends 'parent.tpl'} {* short-hand *}
```
See also [Template Inheritance](../../api/inheritance.md)
and [`{block}`](./language-function-block.md).

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# {for}
The `{for}{forelse}` tag is used to create simple loops. The following different formats are supported:
- `{for $var=$start to $end}` simple loop with step size of 1.
- `{for $var=$start to $end step $step}` loop with individual step
size.
`{forelse}` is executed when the loop is not iterated.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|----------|--------------------------------|
| max | No | Limit the number of iterations |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|--------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{for}` loop |
## Examples
```smarty
<ul>
{for $foo=1 to 3}
<li>{$foo}</li>
{/for}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>1</li>
<li>2</li>
<li>3</li>
</ul>
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('to',10);
```
```smarty
<ul>
{for $foo=3 to $to max=3}
<li>{$foo}</li>
{/for}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>3</li>
<li>4</li>
<li>5</li>
</ul>
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('start',10);
$smarty->assign('to',5);
```
```smarty
<ul>
{for $foo=$start to $to}
<li>{$foo}</li>
{forelse}
no iteration
{/for}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```
no iteration
```
See also [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md),
[`{section}`](./language-function-section.md) and
[`{while}`](./language-function-while.md)

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# {foreach},{foreachelse}
`{foreach}` is used for looping over arrays of data. `{foreach}` has a
simpler and cleaner syntax than the
[`{section}`](./language-function-section.md) loop, and can also loop over
associative arrays.
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{foreach}` loop |
## Examples
```smarty
{foreach $arrayvar as $itemvar}
{$itemvar|escape}
{/foreach}
{foreach $arrayvar as $keyvar=>$itemvar}
{$keyvar}: {$itemvar|escape}
{/foreach}
```
> **Note**
>
> This foreach syntax does not accept any named attributes. This syntax
> is new to Smarty 3, however the Smarty 2.x syntax
> `{foreach from=$myarray key="mykey" item="myitem"}` is still
> supported.
- `{foreach}` loops can be nested.
- The `array` variable, usually an array of values, determines the
number of times `{foreach}` will loop. You can also pass an integer
for arbitrary loops.
- `{foreachelse}` is executed when there are no values in the `array`
variable.
- `{foreach}` properties are [`@index`](#index),
[`@iteration`](#iteration),
[`@first`](#first),
[`@last`](#last),
[`@show`](#show),
[`@total`](#total).
- `{foreach}` constructs are [`{break}`](#break),
[`{continue}`](#continue).
- Instead of specifying the `key` variable you can access the current
key of the loop item by `{$item@key}` (see examples below).
> **Note**
>
> The `$var@property` syntax is new to Smarty 3, however when using the
> Smarty 2 `{foreach from=$myarray key="mykey" item="myitem"}` style
> syntax, the `$smarty.foreach.name.property` syntax is still supported.
> **Note**
>
> Although you can retrieve the array key with the syntax
> `{foreach $myArray as $myKey => $myValue}`, the key is always
> available as `$myValue@key` within the foreach loop.
```php
<?php
$arr = array('red', 'green', 'blue');
$smarty->assign('myColors', $arr);
```
Template to output `$myColors` in an un-ordered list
```smarty
<ul>
{foreach $myColors as $color}
<li>{$color}</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>red</li>
<li>green</li>
<li>blue</li>
</ul>
```
```php
<?php
$people = array('fname' => 'John', 'lname' => 'Doe', 'email' => 'j.doe@example.com');
$smarty->assign('myPeople', $people);
```
Template to output `$myArray` as key/value pairs.
```smarty
<ul>
{foreach $myPeople as $value}
<li>{$value@key}: {$value}</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
```
The above example will output:
```html
<ul>
<li>fname: John</li>
<li>lname: Doe</li>
<li>email: j.doe@example.com</li>
</ul>
```
Assign an array to Smarty, the key contains the key for each looped
value.
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign(
'contacts',
[
['phone' => '555-555-1234', 'fax' => '555-555-5678', 'cell' => '555-555-0357'],
['phone' => '800-555-4444', 'fax' => '800-555-3333', 'cell' => '800-555-2222'],
]
);
```
The template to output `$contact`.
```smarty
{* key always available as a property *}
{foreach $contacts as $contact}
{foreach $contact as $value}
{$value@key}: {$value}
{/foreach}
{/foreach}
{* accessing key the PHP syntax alternate *}
{foreach $contacts as $contact}
{foreach $contact as $key => $value}
{$key}: {$value}
{/foreach}
{/foreach}
```
Either of the above examples will output:
```
phone: 555-555-1234
fax: 555-555-5678
cell: 555-555-0357
phone: 800-555-4444
fax: 800-555-3333
cell: 800-555-2222
```
A database (PDO) example of looping over search results. This example is
looping over a PHP iterator instead of an array().
```php
<?php
use Smarty\Smarty;
$smarty = new Smarty;
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test';
$login = 'test';
$passwd = 'test';
// setting PDO to use buffered queries in mysql is
// important if you plan on using multiple result cursors
// in the template.
$db = new PDO($dsn, $login, $passwd, array(
PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_USE_BUFFERED_QUERY => true));
$res = $db->prepare("select * from users");
$res->execute();
$res->setFetchMode(PDO::FETCH_LAZY);
// assign to smarty
$smarty->assign('res',$res);
$smarty->display('index.tpl');?>
```
```smarty
{foreach $res as $r}
{$r.id}
{$r.name}
{foreachelse}
.. no results ..
{/foreach}
```
The above is assuming the results contain the columns named `id` and
`name`.
What is the advantage of an iterator vs. looping over a plain old array?
With an array, all the results are accumulated into memory before being
looped. With an iterator, each result is loaded/released within the
loop. This saves processing time and memory, especially for very large
result sets.
## @index
`index` contains the current array index, starting with zero.
```smarty
{* output empty row on the 4th iteration (when index is 3) *}
<table>
{foreach $items as $i}
{if $i@index eq 3}
{* put empty table row *}
<tr><td>nbsp;</td></tr>
{/if}
<tr><td>{$i.label}</td></tr>
{/foreach}
</table>
```
## @iteration
`iteration` contains the current loop iteration and always starts at
one, unlike [`index`](#index). It is incremented by one
on each iteration.
The *"is div by"* operator can be used to detect a specific iteration.
Here we bold-face the name every 4th iteration.
```smarty
{foreach $myNames as $name}
{if $name@iteration is div by 4}
<b>{$name}</b>
{/if}
{$name}
{/foreach}
```
The *"is even by"* and *"is odd by"* operators can be used to
alternate something every so many iterations. Choosing between even or
odd rotates which one starts. Here we switch the font color every 3rd
iteration.
```smarty
{foreach $myNames as $name}
{if $name@iteration is even by 3}
<span style="color: #000">{$name}</span>
{else}
<span style="color: #eee">{$name}</span>
{/if}
{/foreach}
```
This will output something similar to this:
```html
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #000">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
<span style="color: #eee">...</span>
...
```
## @first
`first` is TRUE if the current `{foreach}` iteration is the initial one.
Here we display a table header row on the first iteration.
```smarty
{* show table header at first iteration *}
<table>
{foreach $items as $i}
{if $i@first}
<tr>
<th>key</td>
<th>name</td>
</tr>
{/if}
<tr>
<td>{$i@key}</td>
<td>{$i.name}</td>
</tr>
{/foreach}
</table>
```
## @last
`last` is set to TRUE if the current `{foreach}` iteration is the final
one. Here we display a horizontal rule on the last iteration.
```smarty
{* Add horizontal rule at end of list *}
{foreach $items as $item}
<a href="#{$item.id}">{$item.name}</a>{if $item@last}<hr>{else},{/if}
{foreachelse}
... no items to loop ...
{/foreach}
```
## @show
The show `show` property can be used after the execution of a
`{foreach}` loop to detect if data has been displayed or not. `show` is
a boolean value.
```smarty
<ul>
{foreach $myArray as $name}
<li>{$name}</li>
{/foreach}
</ul>
{if $name@show} do something here if the array contained data {/if}
```
## @total
`total` contains the number of iterations that this `{foreach}` will
loop. This can be used inside or after the `{foreach}`.
```smarty
{* show number of rows at end *}
{foreach $items as $item}
{$item.name}<hr/>
{if $item@last}
<div id="total">{$item@total} items</div>
{/if}
{foreachelse}
... no items to loop ...
{/foreach}
```
See also [`{section}`](./language-function-section.md),
[`{for}`](./language-function-for.md) and
[`{while}`](./language-function-while.md)
## {break}
`{break}` aborts the iteration of the array
```smarty
{$data = [1,2,3,4,5]}
{foreach $data as $value}
{if $value == 3}
{* abort iterating the array *}
{break}
{/if}
{$value}
{/foreach}
{*
prints: 1 2
*}
```
## {continue}
`{continue}` leaves the current iteration and begins with the next
iteration.
```smarty
{$data = [1,2,3,4,5]}
{foreach $data as $value}
{if $value == 3}
{* skip this iteration *}
{continue}
{/if}
{$value}
{/foreach}
{*
prints: 1 2 4 5
*}
```

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# {function}
`{function}` is used to create functions within a template and call them
just like a plugin function. Instead of writing a plugin that generates
presentational content, keeping it in the template is often a more
manageable choice. It also simplifies data traversal, such as deeply
nested menus.
> **Note**
>
> Template functions are defined global. Since the Smarty compiler is a
> single-pass compiler, The [`{call}`](#language.function.call) tag must
> be used to call a template function defined externally from the given
> template. Otherwise, you can directly use the function as
> `{funcname ...}` in the template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the template function |
| \[var \...\] | No | default variable value to pass local to the template function |
- The `{function}` tag must have the `name` attribute which contains
the name of the template function. A tag with this name can be
used to call the template function.
- Default values for variables can be passed to the template function
as [attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md). Like in PHP function
declarations you can only use scalar values as default. The default
values can be overwritten when the template function is being
called.
- You can use all variables from the calling template inside the
template function. Changes to variables or new created variables
inside the template function have local scope and are not visible
inside the calling template after the template function is executed.
> **Note**
>
> You can pass any number of parameter to the template function when it
> is called. The parameter variables must not be declared in the
> `{funcname ...}` tag unless you what to use default values. Default
> values must be scalar and can not be variable. Variables must be
> passed when the template is called.
## Examples
```smarty
{* define the function *}
{function name=menu level=0}
{function menu level=0} {* short-hand *}
<ul class="level{$level}">
{foreach $data as $entry}
{if is_array($entry)}
<li>{$entry@key}</li>
{menu data=$entry level=$level+1}
{else}
<li>{$entry}</li>
{/if}
{/foreach}
</ul>
{/function}
{* create an array to demonstrate *}
{$menu = ['item1','item2','item3' => ['item3-1','item3-2','item3-3' =>
['item3-3-1','item3-3-2']],'item4']}
{* run the array through the function *}
{menu data=$menu}
```
Will generate the following output
```
* item1
* item2
* item3
o item3-1
o item3-2
o item3-3
+ item3-3-1
+ item3-3-2
* item4
```
See also [`{call}`](./language-function-call.md)

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# {if},{elseif},{else}
`{if}` statements in Smarty have much the same flexibility as PHP
[if](https://www.php.net/if) statements, with a few added features for the
template engine. Every `{if}` must be paired with a matching `{/if}`.
`{else}` and `{elseif}` are also permitted. All PHP conditionals and
functions are recognized, such as *\|\|*, *or*, *&&*, *and*,
*is_array()*, etc.
The following is a list of recognized qualifiers, which must be
separated from surrounding elements by spaces. Note that items listed in
\[brackets\] are optional. PHP equivalents are shown where applicable.
## Qualifiers
| Qualifier | Alternates | Syntax Example | Meaning | PHP Equivalent |
|--------------------|------------|----------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------|
| == | eq | $a eq $b | equals | == |
| != | ne, neq | $a neq $b | not equals | != |
| > | gt | $a gt $b | greater than | > |
| < | lt | $a lt $b | less than | < |
| >= | gte, ge | $a ge $b | greater than or equal | >= |
| <= | lte, le | $a le $b | less than or equal | <= |
| === | | $a === 0 | check for identity | === |
| ! | not | not $a | negation (unary) | ! |
| % | mod | $a mod $b | modulo | % |
| is \[not\] div by | | $a is not div by 4 | divisible by | $a % $b == 0 |
| is \[not\] even | | $a is not even | \[not\] an even number (unary) | $a % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] even by | | $a is not even by $b | grouping level \[not\] even | ($a / $b) % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] odd | | $a is not odd | \[not\] an odd number (unary) | $a % 2 != 0 |
| is \[not\] odd by | | $a is not odd by $b | \[not\] an odd grouping | ($a / $b) % 2 != 0 |
## Examples
```smarty
{if $name eq 'Fred'}
Welcome Sir.
{elseif $name eq 'Wilma'}
Welcome Ma'am.
{else}
Welcome, whatever you are.
{/if}
{* an example with "or" logic *}
{if $name eq 'Fred' or $name eq 'Wilma'}
...
{/if}
{* same as above *}
{if $name == 'Fred' || $name == 'Wilma'}
...
{/if}
{* parenthesis are allowed *}
{if ( $amount < 0 or $amount > 1000 ) and $volume >= #minVolAmt#}
...
{/if}
{* you can also embed php function calls *}
{if count($var) gt 0}
...
{/if}
{* check for array. *}
{if is_array($foo) }
.....
{/if}
{* check for not null. *}
{if isset($foo) }
.....
{/if}
{* test if values are even or odd *}
{if $var is even}
...
{/if}
{if $var is odd}
...
{/if}
{if $var is not odd}
...
{/if}
{* test if var is divisible by 4 *}
{if $var is div by 4}
...
{/if}
{*
test if var is even, grouped by two. i.e.,
0=even, 1=even, 2=odd, 3=odd, 4=even, 5=even, etc.
*}
{if $var is even by 2}
...
{/if}
{* 0=even, 1=even, 2=even, 3=odd, 4=odd, 5=odd, etc. *}
{if $var is even by 3}
...
{/if}
{if isset($name) && $name == 'Blog'}
{* do something *}
{elseif $name == $foo}
{* do something *}
{/if}
{if is_array($foo) && count($foo) > 0}
{* do a foreach loop *}
{/if}
```

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# {include}
`{include}` tags are used for including other templates in the current
template. Any variables available in the current template are also
available within the included template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The name of the template file to include |
| assign | No | The name of the variable that the output of include will be assigned to |
| cache_lifetime | No | Enable caching of this subtemplate with an individual cache lifetime |
| compile_id | No | Compile this subtemplate with an individual compile_id |
| cache_id | No | Enable caching of this subtemplate with an individual cache_id |
| scope | No | Define the scope of all in the subtemplate assigned variables: 'parent','root' or 'global' |
| \[var \...\] | No | variable to pass local to template |
- The `{include}` tag must have the `file` attribute which contains
the template resource path.
- Setting the optional `assign` attribute specifies the template
variable that the output of `{include}` is assigned to, instead of
being displayed. Similar to [`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md).
- Variables can be passed to included templates as
[attributes](../language-basic-syntax/language-syntax-attributes.md). Any variables explicitly
passed to an included template are only available within the scope
of the included file. Attribute variables override current template
variables, in the case when they are named the same.
- You can use all variables from the including template inside the
included template. But changes to variables or new created variables
inside the included template have local scope and are not visible
inside the including template after the `{include}` statement. This
default behaviour can be changed for all variables assigned in the
included template by using the scope attribute at the `{include}`
statement or for individual variables by using the scope attribute
at the [`{assign}`](./language-function-assign.md) statement. The later
is useful to return values from the included template to the
including template.
- Use the syntax for [template resources](../../api/resources.md) to `{include}`
files outside of the [`$template_dir`](../../programmers/api-variables/variable-template-dir.md)
directory.
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of this subtemplate |
| caching | Enable caching of this subtemplate |
| inline | If set, merge the compile-code of the subtemplate into the compiled calling template |
## Examples
```smarty
<html>
<head>
<title>{$title}</title>
</head>
<body>
{include file='page_header.tpl'}
{* body of template goes here, the $tpl_name variable
is replaced with a value eg 'contact.tpl'
*}
{include file="$tpl_name.tpl"}
{* using shortform file attribute *}
{include 'page_footer.tpl'}
</body>
</html>
```
```smarty
{include 'links.tpl' title='Newest links' links=$link_array}
{* body of template goes here *}
{include 'footer.tpl' foo='bar'}
```
The template above includes the example `links.tpl` below
```smarty
<div id="box">
<h3>{$title}</h3>
<ul>
{foreach from=$links item=l}
.. do stuff ...
{/foreach}
</ul>
</div>
```
Variables assigned in the included template will be seen in the
including template.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' scope=parent}
...
{* display variables assigned in sub_template *}
{$foo}<br>
{$bar}<br>
...
```
The template above includes the example `sub_template.tpl` below
```smarty
...
{assign var=foo value='something'}
{assign var=bar value='value'}
...
```
The included template will not be cached.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' nocache}
...
```
In this example included template will be cached with an individual
cache lifetime of 500 seconds.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' cache_lifetime=500}
...
```
In this example included template will be cached independent of the
global caching setting.
```smarty
{include 'sub_template.tpl' caching}
...
```
This example assigns the contents of `nav.tpl` to the `$navbar`
variable, which is then output at both the top and bottom of the page.
```smarty
<body>
{include 'nav.tpl' assign=navbar}
{include 'header.tpl' title='Smarty is cool'}
{$navbar}
{* body of template goes here *}
{$navbar}
{include 'footer.tpl'}
</body>
```
This example includes another template relative to the directory of the
current template.
```smarty
{include 'template-in-a-template_dir-directory.tpl'}
{include './template-in-same-directory.tpl'}
{include '../template-in-parent-directory.tpl'}
```
```smarty
{* absolute filepath *}
{include file='/usr/local/include/templates/header.tpl'}
{* absolute filepath (same thing) *}
{include file='file:/usr/local/include/templates/header.tpl'}
{* windows absolute filepath (MUST use "file:" prefix) *}
{include file='file:C:/www/pub/templates/header.tpl'}
{* include from template resource named "db" *}
{include file='db:header.tpl'}
{* include a $variable template - eg $module = 'contacts' *}
{include file="$module.tpl"}
{* wont work as its single quotes ie no variable substitution *}
{include file='$module.tpl'}
{* include a multi $variable template - eg amber/links.view.tpl *}
{include file="$style_dir/$module.$view.tpl"}
```
See also [template resources](../../api/resources.md) and
[componentized templates](../../appendixes/tips.md#componentized-templates).

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# {ldelim}, {rdelim}
`{ldelim}` and `{rdelim}` are used for [escaping](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md)
template delimiters, by default **{** and **}**. You can also use
[`{literal}{/literal}`](./language-function-literal.md) to escape blocks of
text eg Javascript or CSS. See also the complementary
[`{$smarty.ldelim}`](../../designers/language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md).
```smarty
{* this will print literal delimiters out of the template *}
{ldelim}funcname{rdelim} is how functions look in Smarty!
```
The above example will output:
```
{funcname} is how functions look in Smarty!
```
Another example with some Javascript
```smarty
<script>
function foo() {ldelim}
... code ...
{rdelim}
</script>
```
will output
```html
<script>
function foo() {
.... code ...
}
</script>
```
```smarty
<script>
function myJsFunction(){ldelim}
alert("The server name\n{$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME|escape:javascript}\n{$smarty.server.SERVER_ADDR|escape:javascript}");
{rdelim}
</script>
<a href="javascript:myJsFunction()">Click here for Server Info</a>
```
See also [`{literal}`](./language-function-literal.md) and [escaping Smarty
parsing](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md).

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# {literal}
`{literal}` tags allow a block of data to be taken literally. This is
typically used around Javascript or stylesheet blocks where {curly
braces} would interfere with the template
[delimiter](../../designers/language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md) syntax. Anything within
`{literal}{/literal}` tags is not interpreted, but displayed as-is. If
you need template tags embedded in a `{literal}` block, consider using
[`{ldelim}{rdelim}`](./language-function-ldelim.md) to escape the individual
delimiters instead.
> **Note**
>
> `{literal}{/literal}` tags are normally not necessary, as Smarty
> ignores delimiters that are surrounded by whitespace. Be sure your
> javascript and CSS curly braces are surrounded by whitespace. This is
> new behavior to Smarty 3.
```smarty
<script>
// the following braces are ignored by Smarty
// since they are surrounded by whitespace
function myFoo {
alert('Foo!');
}
// this one will need literal escapement
{literal}
function myBar {alert('Bar!');}
{/literal}
</script>
```
See also [`{ldelim} {rdelim}`](./language-function-ldelim.md) and the
[escaping Smarty parsing](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md) page.

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# {nocache}
`{nocache}` is used to disable caching of a template section. Every
`{nocache}` must be paired with a matching `{/nocache}`.
> **Note**
>
> Be sure any variables used within a non-cached section are also
> assigned from PHP when the page is loaded from the cache.
```smarty
Today's date is
{nocache}
{$smarty.now|date_format}
{/nocache}
```
The above code will output the current date on a cached page.
See also the [caching section](../../api/caching/basics.md).

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# {section}, {sectionelse}
A `{section}` is for looping over **sequentially indexed arrays of
data**, unlike [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md) which is used
to loop over a **single associative array**. Every `{section}` tag must
be paired with a closing `{/section}` tag.
> **Note**
>
> The [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md) loop can do everything a
> {section} loop can do, and has a simpler and easier syntax. It is
> usually preferred over the {section} loop.
> **Note**
>
> {section} loops cannot loop over associative arrays, they must be
> numerically indexed, and sequential (0,1,2,\...). For associative
> arrays, use the [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md) loop.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | Yes | The name of the section |
| loop | Yes | Value to determine the number of loop iterations |
| start | No | The index position that the section will begin looping. If the value is negative, the start position is calculated from the end of the array. For example, if there are seven values in the loop array and start is -2, the start index is 5. Invalid values (values outside of the length of the loop array) are automatically truncated to the closest valid value. Defaults to 0. |
| step | No | The step value that will be used to traverse the loop array. For example, step=2 will loop on index 0, 2, 4, etc. If step is negative, it will step through the array backwards. Defaults to 1. |
| max | No | Sets the maximum number of times the section will loop. |
| show | No | Determines whether to show this section (defaults to true) |
## Option Flags
| Name | Description |
|---------|------------------------------------------|
| nocache | Disables caching of the `{section}` loop |
- Required attributes are `name` and `loop`.
- The `name` of the `{section}` can be anything you like, made up of
letters, numbers and underscores, like [PHP
variables](https://www.php.net/language.variables).
- {section}'s can be nested, and the nested `{section}` names must be
unique from each other.
- The `loop` attribute, usually an array of values, determines the
number of times the `{section}` will loop. You can also pass an
integer as the loop value.
- When printing a variable within a `{section}`, the `{section}`
`name` must be given next to variable name within \[brackets\].
- `{sectionelse}` is executed when there are no values in the loop
variable.
- A `{section}` also has its own variables that handle `{section}`
properties. These properties are accessible as:
[`{$smarty.section.name.property}`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartysection-languagevariablessmartyloops)
where "name" is the attribute `name`.
- `{section}` properties are [`index`](#index),
[`index_prev`](#index_prev),
[`index_next`](#index_next),
[`iteration`](#iteration),
[`first`](#first),
[`last`](#last),
[`rownum`](#rownum),
[`loop`](#loop), [`show`](#show),
[`total`](#total).
[`assign()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) an array to Smarty
## Examples
```php
<?php
$data = [1000, 1001, 1002];
$smarty->assign('custid', $data);
```
The template that outputs the array
```smarty
{* this example will print out all the values of the $custid array *}
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
{section customer $custid} {* short-hand *}
id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
<hr />
{* print out all the values of the $custid array reversed *}
{section name=foo loop=$custid step=-1}
{section foo $custid step=-1} {* short-hand *}
{$custid[foo]}<br />
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
id: 1000<br />
id: 1001<br />
id: 1002<br />
<hr />
id: 1002<br />
id: 1001<br />
id: 1000<br />
```
```smarty
{section name=foo start=10 loop=20 step=2}
{$smarty.section.foo.index}
{/section}
<hr />
{section name=bar loop=21 max=6 step=-2}
{$smarty.section.bar.index}
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
10 12 14 16 18
<hr />
20 18 16 14 12 10
```
The `name` of the `{section}` can be anything you like, see [PHP
variables](https://www.php.net/language.variables). It is used to reference
the data within the `{section}`.
```smarty
{section name=anything loop=$myArray}
{$myArray[anything].foo}
{$name[anything]}
{$address[anything].bar}
{/section}
```
This is an example of printing an associative array of data with a
`{section}`. Following is the php script to assign the `$contacts` array
to Smarty.
```php
<?php
$data = [
['name' => 'John Smith', 'home' => '555-555-5555',
'cell' => '666-555-5555', 'email' => 'john@myexample.com'],
['name' => 'Jack Jones', 'home' => '777-555-5555',
'cell' => '888-555-5555', 'email' => 'jack@myexample.com'],
['name' => 'Jane Munson', 'home' => '000-555-5555',
'cell' => '123456', 'email' => 'jane@myexample.com']
];
$smarty->assign('contacts',$data);
```
The template to output `$contacts`
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$contacts}
<p>
name: {$contacts[customer].name}<br />
home: {$contacts[customer].home}<br />
cell: {$contacts[customer].cell}<br />
e-mail: {$contacts[customer].email}
</p>
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<p>
name: John Smith<br />
home: 555-555-5555<br />
cell: 666-555-5555<br />
e-mail: john@myexample.com
</p>
<p>
name: Jack Jones<br />
home phone: 777-555-5555<br />
cell phone: 888-555-5555<br />
e-mail: jack@myexample.com
</p>
<p>
name: Jane Munson<br />
home phone: 000-555-5555<br />
cell phone: 123456<br />
e-mail: jane@myexample.com
</p>
```
This example assumes that `$custid`, `$name` and `$address` are all
arrays containing the same number of values. First the php script that
assign's the arrays to Smarty.
```php
<?php
$id = [1001,1002,1003];
$smarty->assign('custid',$id);
$fullnames = ['John Smith','Jack Jones','Jane Munson'];
$smarty->assign('name',$fullnames);
$addr = ['253 Abbey road', '417 Mulberry ln', '5605 apple st'];
$smarty->assign('address',$addr);
```
The `loop` variable only determines the number of times to loop. You can
access ANY variable from the template within the `{section}`. This is
useful for looping multiple arrays. You can pass an array which will
determine the loop count by the array size, or you can pass an integer
to specify the number of loops.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
<p>
id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
name: {$name[customer]}<br />
address: {$address[customer]}
</p>
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<p>
id: 1000<br />
name: John Smith<br />
address: 253 Abbey road
</p>
<p>
id: 1001<br />
name: Jack Jones<br />
address: 417 Mulberry ln
</p>
<p>
id: 1002<br />
name: Jane Munson<br />
address: 5605 apple st
</p>
```
{section}'s can be nested as deep as you like. With nested
{section}'s, you can access complex data structures, such as
multidimensional arrays. This is an example `.php` script that
assigns the arrays.
```php
<?php
$id = [1001,1002,1003];
$smarty->assign('custid',$id);
$fullnames = ['John Smith','Jack Jones','Jane Munson'];
$smarty->assign('name',$fullnames);
$addr = ['253 N 45th', '417 Mulberry ln', '5605 apple st'];
$smarty->assign('address',$addr);
$types = [
[ 'home phone', 'cell phone', 'e-mail'],
[ 'home phone', 'web'],
[ 'cell phone']
];
$smarty->assign('contact_type', $types);
$info = [
['555-555-5555', '666-555-5555', 'john@myexample.com'],
[ '123-456-4', 'www.example.com'],
[ '0457878']
];
$smarty->assign('contact_info', $info);
```
In this template, *$contact_type\[customer\]* is an array of contact
types for the current customer.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
<hr>
id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
name: {$name[customer]}<br />
address: {$address[customer]}<br />
{section name=contact loop=$contact_type[customer]}
{$contact_type[customer][contact]}: {$contact_info[customer][contact]}<br />
{/section}
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<hr>
id: 1000<br />
name: John Smith<br />
address: 253 N 45th<br />
home phone: 555-555-5555<br />
cell phone: 666-555-5555<br />
e-mail: john@myexample.com<br />
<hr>
id: 1001<br />
name: Jack Jones<br />
address: 417 Mulberry ln<br />
home phone: 123-456-4<br />
web: www.example.com<br />
<hr>
id: 1002<br />
name: Jane Munson<br />
address: 5605 apple st<br />
cell phone: 0457878<br />
```
Results of a database search (eg ADODB or PEAR) are assigned to Smarty
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select id, name, home, cell, email from contacts '
."where name like '$foo%' ";
$smarty->assign('contacts', $db->getAll($sql));
```
The template to output the database result in a HTML table
```smarty
<table>
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th><th>Name</th><th>Home</th><th>Cell</th><th>Email</th></tr>
{section name=co loop=$contacts}
<tr>
<td><a href="view.php?id={$contacts[co].id}">view</a></td>
<td>{$contacts[co].name}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].home}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].cell}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].email}</td>
<tr>
{sectionelse}
<tr><td colspan="5">No items found</td></tr>
{/section}
</table>
```
## .index
`index` contains the current array index, starting with zero or the
`start` attribute if given. It increments by one or by the `step`
attribute if given.
> **Note**
>
> If the `step` and `start` properties are not modified, then this works
> the same as the [`iteration`](#iteration) property,
> except it starts at zero instead of one.
> **Note**
>
> `$custid[customer.index]` and `$custid[customer]` are identical.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
{$smarty.section.customer.index} id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
0 id: 1000<br />
1 id: 1001<br />
2 id: 1002<br />
```
## .index_prev
`index_prev` is the previous loop index. On the first loop, this is set to -1.
## .index_next
`index_next` is the next loop index. On the last loop, this is still one
more than the current index, respecting the setting of the `step`
attribute, if given.
```php
<?php
$data = [1001,1002,1003,1004,1005];
$smarty->assign('rows',$data);
```
Template to output the above array in a table
```smarty
{* $rows[row.index] and $rows[row] are identical in meaning *}
<table>
<tr>
<th>index</th><th>id</th>
<th>index_prev</th><th>prev_id</th>
<th>index_next</th><th>next_id</th>
</tr>
{section name=row loop=$rows}
<tr>
<td>{$smarty.section.row.index}</td><td>{$rows[row]}</td>
<td>{$smarty.section.row.index_prev}</td><td>{$rows[row.index_prev]}</td>
<td>{$smarty.section.row.index_next}</td><td>{$rows[row.index_next]}</td>
</tr>
{/section}
</table>
```
The above example will output a table containing the following:
```
index id index_prev prev_id index_next next_id
0 1001 -1 1 1002
1 1002 0 1001 2 1003
2 1003 1 1002 3 1004
3 1004 2 1003 4 1005
4 1005 3 1004 5
```
## .iteration
`iteration` contains the current loop iteration and starts at one.
> **Note**
>
> This is not affected by the `{section}` properties `start`, `step` and
> `max`, unlike the [`index`](#index) property.
> `iteration` also starts with one instead of zero unlike `index`.
> [`rownum`](#rownum) is an alias to `iteration`, they
> are identical.
```php
<?php
// array of 3000 to 3015
$id = range(3000,3015);
$smarty->assign('arr', $id);
```
Template to output every other element of the `$arr` array as `step=2`
```smarty
{section name=cu loop=$arr start=5 step=2}
iteration={$smarty.section.cu.iteration}
index={$smarty.section.cu.index}
id={$custid[cu]}<br />
{/section}
```
The above example will output:
```html
iteration=1 index=5 id=3005<br />
iteration=2 index=7 id=3007<br />
iteration=3 index=9 id=3009<br />
iteration=4 index=11 id=3011<br />
iteration=5 index=13 id=3013<br />
iteration=6 index=15 id=3015<br />
```
Another example that uses the `iteration` property to output a table
header block every five rows.
```smarty
<table>
{section name=co loop=$contacts}
{if $smarty.section.co.iteration is div by 5}
<tr><th>&nbsp;</th><th>Name</th><th>Home</th><th>Cell</th><th>Email</th></tr>
{/if}
<tr>
<td><a href="view.php?id={$contacts[co].id}">view<a></td>
<td>{$contacts[co].name}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].home}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].cell}</td>
<td>{$contacts[co].email}</td>
<tr>
{/section}
</table>
```
An example that uses the `iteration` property to alternate a text color every
third row.
```smarty
<table>
{section name=co loop=$contacts}
{if $smarty.section.co.iteration is even by 3}
<span style="color: #ffffff">{$contacts[co].name}</span>
{else}
<span style="color: #dddddd">{$contacts[co].name}</span>
{/if}
{/section}
</table>
```
> **Note**
>
> The *"is div by"* syntax is a simpler alternative to the PHP mod
> operator syntax. The mod operator is allowed:
> `{if $smarty.section.co.iteration % 5 == 1}` will work just the same.
> **Note**
>
> You can also use *"is odd by"* to reverse the alternating.
## .first
`first` is set to TRUE if the current `{section}` iteration is the initial one.
## .last
`last` is set to TRUE if the current section iteration is the final one.
This example loops the `$customers` array, outputs a header block on the
first iteration and on the last outputs the footer block. Also uses the
[`total`](#total) property.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$customers}
{if $smarty.section.customer.first}
<table>
<tr><th>id</th><th>customer</th></tr>
{/if}
<tr>
<td>{$customers[customer].id}}</td>
<td>{$customers[customer].name}</td>
</tr>
{if $smarty.section.customer.last}
<tr><td></td><td>{$smarty.section.customer.total} customers</td></tr>
</table>
{/if}
{/section}
```
## .rownum
`rownum` contains the current loop iteration, starting with one. It is
an alias to [`iteration`](#iteration), they work
identically.
## .loop
`loop` contains the last index number that this {section} looped. This
can be used inside or after the `{section}`.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid}
{$smarty.section.customer.index} id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
There are {$smarty.section.customer.loop} customers shown above.
```
The above example will output:
```html
0 id: 1000<br />
1 id: 1001<br />
2 id: 1002<br />
There are 3 customers shown above.
```
## .show
`show` is used as a parameter to section and is a boolean value. If
FALSE, the section will not be displayed. If there is a `{sectionelse}`
present, that will be alternately displayed.
Boolean `$show_customer_info` has been passed from the PHP application,
to regulate whether this section shows.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$customers show=$show_customer_info}
{$smarty.section.customer.rownum} id: {$customers[customer]}<br />
{/section}
{if $smarty.section.customer.show}
the section was shown.
{else}
the section was not shown.
{/if}
```
The above example will output:
```html
1 id: 1000<br />
2 id: 1001<br />
3 id: 1002<br />
the section was shown.
```
## .total
`total` contains the number of iterations that this `{section}` will
loop. This can be used inside or after a `{section}`.
```smarty
{section name=customer loop=$custid step=2}
{$smarty.section.customer.index} id: {$custid[customer]}<br />
{/section}
There are {$smarty.section.customer.total} customers shown above.
```
See also [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md),
[`{for}`](./language-function-for.md), [`{while}`](./language-function-while.md)
and [`$smarty.section`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartysection-languagevariablessmartyloops).

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# {setfilter}
The `{setfilter}...{/setfilter}` block tag allows the definition of
template instance's variable filters.
SYNTAX: `{setfilter filter1\|filter2\|filter3\....}\...{/setfilter}`
The filter can be:
- A variable filter plugin specified by it's name.
- A modifier specified by it's name and optional additional
parameter.
`{setfilter}...{/setfilter}` blocks can be nested. The filter definition
of inner blocks does replace the definition of the outer block.
Template instance filters run in addition to other modifiers and
filters. They run in the following order: modifier, default_modifier,
$escape_html, registered variable filters, autoloaded variable
filters, template instance's variable filters. Everything after
default_modifier can be disabled with the `nofilter` flag.
> **Note**
>
> The setting of template instance filters does not affect the output of
> included subtemplates.
## Examples
```smarty
<script>
{setfilter filter1}
{$foo} {* filter1 runs on output of $foo *}
{setfilter filter2|mod:true}
{$bar} {* filter2 and modifier mod runs on output of $bar *}
{/setfilter}
{$buh} {* filter1 runs on output of $buh *}
{/setfilter}
{$blar} {* no template instance filter runs on output of $blar}
</script>
```

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# {strip}
Many times web designers run into the issue where white space and
carriage returns affect the output of the rendered HTML (browser
"features"), so you must run all your tags together in the template to
get the desired results. This usually ends up in unreadable or
unmanageable templates.
Anything within `{strip}{/strip}` tags are stripped of the extra spaces
or carriage returns at the beginnings and ends of the lines before they
are displayed. This way you can keep your templates readable, and not
worry about extra white space causing problems.
> **Note**
>
> `{strip}{/strip}` does not affect the contents of template variables,
> see the [strip modifier](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-strip.md) instead.
```smarty
{* the following will be all run into one line upon output *}
{strip}
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#">
This is a test
</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
{/strip}
```
The above example will output:
```html
<table><tr><td><a href="#">This is a test</a></td></tr></table>
```
Notice that in the above example, all the lines begin and end with HTML
tags. Be aware that all the lines are run together. If you have plain
text at the beginning or end of any line, they will be run together, and
may not be desired results.
See also the [`strip`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-strip.md) modifier.

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# {while}
`{while}` loops in Smarty have much the same flexibility as PHP
[while](https://www.php.net/while) statements, with a few added features for
the template engine. Every `{while}` must be paired with a matching
`{/while}`. All PHP conditionals and functions are recognized, such as
*\|\|*, *or*, *&&*, *and*, *is_array()*, etc.
The following is a list of recognized qualifiers, which must be
separated from surrounding elements by spaces. Note that items listed in
\[brackets\] are optional. PHP equivalents are shown where applicable.
## Qualifiers
| Qualifier | Alternates | Syntax Example | Meaning | PHP Equivalent |
|--------------------|------------|----------------------|--------------------------------|--------------------|
| == | eq | $a eq $b | equals | == |
| != | ne, neq | $a neq $b | not equals | != |
| > | gt | $a gt $b | greater than | > |
| < | lt | $a lt $b | less than | < |
| >= | gte, ge | $a ge $b | greater than or equal | >= |
| <= | lte, le | $a le $b | less than or equal | <= |
| === | | $a === 0 | check for identity | === |
| ! | not | not $a | negation (unary) | ! |
| % | mod | $a mod $b | modulo | % |
| is \[not\] div by | | $a is not div by 4 | divisible by | $a % $b == 0 |
| is \[not\] even | | $a is not even | \[not\] an even number (unary) | $a % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] even by | | $a is not even by $b | grouping level \[not\] even | ($a / $b) % 2 == 0 |
| is \[not\] odd | | $a is not odd | \[not\] an odd number (unary) | $a % 2 != 0 |
| is \[not\] odd by | | $a is not odd by $b | \[not\] an odd grouping | ($a / $b) % 2 != 0 |
## Examples
```smarty
{while $foo > 0}
{$foo--}
{/while}
```
The above example will count down the value of $foo until 1 is reached.
See also [`{foreach}`](./language-function-foreach.md),
[`{for}`](./language-function-for.md) and
[`{section}`](./language-function-section.md).

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# Combining Modifiers
You can apply any number of modifiers to a variable. They will be
applied in the order they are combined, from left to right. They must be
separated with a `|` (pipe) character.
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Smokers are Productive, but Death Cuts Efficiency.');
```
where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|upper|spacify}
{$articleTitle|lower|spacify|truncate}
{$articleTitle|lower|truncate:30|spacify}
{$articleTitle|lower|spacify|truncate:30:". . ."}
```
The above example will output:
```
Smokers are Productive, but Death Cuts Efficiency.
S M O K E R S A R ....snip.... H C U T S E F F I C I E N C Y .
s m o k e r s a r ....snip.... b u t d e a t h c u t s...
s m o k e r s a r e p r o d u c t i v e , b u t . . .
s m o k e r s a r e p. . .
```

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# Custom Tags
Smarty comes with several custom plugin functions that you can use in
the templates.
- [{counter}](language-function-counter.md)
- [{cycle}](language-function-cycle.md)
- [{eval}](language-function-eval.md)
- [{fetch}](language-function-fetch.md)
- [{html_checkboxes}](language-function-html-checkboxes.md)
- [{html_image}](language-function-html-image.md)
- [{html_options}](language-function-html-options.md)
- [{html_radios}](language-function-html-radios.md)
- [{html_select_date}](language-function-html-select-date.md)
- [{html_select_time}](language-function-html-select-time.md)
- [{html_table}](language-function-html-table.md)
- [{mailto}](language-function-mailto.md)
- [{math}](language-function-math.md)
- [{textformat}](language-function-textformat.md)

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# {counter}
`{counter}` is used to print out a count. `{counter}` will remember the
count on each iteration. You can adjust the number, the interval and the
direction of the count, as well as determine whether to print the
value. You can run multiple counters concurrently by supplying a unique
name for each one. If you do not supply a name, the name "default" will
be used.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | The name of the counter |
| start | No | The initial number to start counting from (defaults to 1) |
| skip | No | The interval to count by (defaults to 1) |
| direction | No | The direction to count (up/down) (defaults to 'up') |
| print | No | Whether or not to print the value (defaults to true) |
| assign | No | the template variable the output will be assigned to |
If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{counter}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
## Examples
```smarty
{* initialize the count *}
{counter start=0 skip=2}<br />
{counter}<br />
{counter}<br />
{counter}<br />
```
this will output:
```html
0<br />
2<br />
4<br />
6<br />
```

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# {cycle}
`{cycle}` is used to alternate a set of values. This makes it easy to
for example, alternate between two or more colors in a table, or cycle
through an array of values.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | The name of the cycle |
| values | Yes | The values to cycle through, either a comma delimited list (see delimiter attribute), or an array of values |
| print | No | Whether to print the value or not (defaults to true) |
| advance | No | Whether or not to advance to the next value (defaults to true) |
| delimiter | No | The delimiter to use in the values attribute (defaults to ',') |
| assign | No | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
| reset | No | The cycle will be set to the first value and not advanced (defaults to false) |
- You can `{cycle}` through more than one set of values in a template
by supplying a `name` attribute. Give each `{cycle}` a unique
`name`.
- You can force the current value not to print with the `print`
attribute set to FALSE. This would be useful for silently skipping a
value.
- The `advance` attribute is used to repeat a value. When set to
FALSE, the next call to `{cycle}` will print the same value.
- If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{cycle}`
function will be assigned to a template variable instead of being
output to the template.
## Examples
```smarty
{section name=rows loop=$data}
<tr class="{cycle values="odd,even"}">
<td>{$data[rows]}</td>
</tr>
{/section}
```
The above template would output:
```html
<tr class="odd">
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>3</td>
</tr>
```

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# {debug}
`{debug}` dumps the debug console to the page. This works regardless of
the [debug](../chapter-debugging-console.md) settings in the php script.
Since this gets executed at runtime, this is only able to show the
[assigned](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) variables; not the templates that are in use.
However, you can see all the currently available variables within the
scope of a template.
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------|
| output | No | output type, html or javascript (defaults to 'javascript') |
See also the [debugging console page](../chapter-debugging-console.md).

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# {eval}
`{eval}` is used to evaluate a variable as a template. This can be used
for things like embedding template tags/variables into variables or
tags/variables into config file variables.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|------------------------------------------------------|
| var | Yes | Variable (or string) to evaluate |
| assign | No | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{eval}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
> **Note**
>
> - Evaluated variables are treated the same as templates. They follow
> the same escapement and security features just as if they were
> templates.
>
> - Evaluated variables are compiled on every invocation, the compiled
> versions are not saved! However, if you have [caching](../../api/caching/basics.md)
> enabled, the output will be cached with the rest of the template.
>
> - If the content to evaluate doesn't change often, or is used
> repeatedly, consider using
> `{include file="string:{$template_code}"}` instead. This may cache
> the compiled state and thus doesn't have to run the (comparably
> slow) compiler on every invocation.
## Examples
The contents of the config file, `setup.conf`.
```ini
emphstart = <strong>
emphend = </strong>
title = Welcome to {$company}'s home page!
ErrorCity = You must supply a {#emphstart#}city{#emphend#}.
ErrorState = You must supply a {#emphstart#}state{#emphend#}.
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
{config_load file='setup.conf'}
{eval var=$foo}
{eval var=#title#}
{eval var=#ErrorCity#}
{eval var=#ErrorState# assign='state_error'}
{$state_error}
```
The above template will output:
```html
This is the contents of foo.
Welcome to Foobar Pub & Grill's home page!
You must supply a <strong>city</strong>.
You must supply a <strong>state</strong>.
```
This outputs the server name (in uppercase) and IP. The assigned
variable `$str` could be from a database query.
```php
<?php
$str = 'The server name is {$smarty.server.SERVER_NAME|upper} '
.'at {$smarty.server.SERVER_ADDR}';
$smarty->assign('foo',$str);
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
{eval var=$foo}
```

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# {fetch}
`{fetch}` is used to retrieve files from the local file system, http, or
ftp and display the contents.
## Attributes
| Attribute | Required | Description |
|-----------|----------|------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | The file, http or ftp site to fetch |
| assign | No | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
- If the file name begins with `http://`, the website page will be
fetched and displayed.
> **Note**
>
> This will not support http redirects, be sure to include a
> trailing slash on your web page fetches where necessary.
- If the file name begins with `ftp://`, the file will be downloaded
from the ftp server and displayed.
- For local files, either a full system file path must be given, or a
path relative to the executed php script.
> **Note**
>
> If security is enabled, and you are fetching a file from the local
> file system, `{fetch}` will only allow files from within the
> `$secure_dir` path of the security policy. See the
> [Security](../../api/security.md) section for details.
- If the `assign` attribute is set, the output of the `{fetch}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
## Examples
```smarty
{* include some javascript in your template *}
{fetch file='/export/httpd/www.example.com/docs/navbar.js'}
{* embed some weather text in your template from another web site *}
{fetch file='http://www.myweather.com/68502/'}
{* fetch a news headline file via ftp *}
{fetch file='ftp://user:password@ftp.example.com/path/to/currentheadlines.txt'}
{* as above but with variables *}
{fetch file="ftp://`$user`:`$password`@`$server`/`$path`"}
{* assign the fetched contents to a template variable *}
{fetch file='http://www.myweather.com/68502/' assign='weather'}
{if $weather ne ''}
<div id="weather">{$weather}</div>
{/if}
```
See also [`{capture}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-capture.md),
[`{eval}`](language-function-eval.md),
[`{assign}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-assign.md) and [`fetch()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-fetch.md).

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# {html_checkboxes}
`{html_checkboxes}` is a [custom function](index.md)
that creates an html checkbox group with provided data. It takes care of
which item(s) are selected by default as well.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | Name of checkbox list (defaults to 'checkbox') |
| values | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of values for checkbox buttons |
| output | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of output for checkbox buttons |
| selected | No | The selected checkbox element(s) as a string or array |
| options | Yes, unless using values and output | An associative array of values and output |
| separator | No | String of text to separate each checkbox item |
| assign | No | Assign checkbox tags to an array instead of output |
| labels | No | Add <label\>-tags to the output (defaults to true) |
| label\_ids | No | Add id-attributes to <label\> and <input\> to the output (defaults to false) |
| escape | No | Escape the output / content (values are always escaped) (defaults to true) |
| strict | No | Will make the "extra" attributes *disabled* and *readonly* only be set, if they were supplied with either boolean *TRUE* or string *"disabled"* and *"readonly"* respectively (defaults to false) |
- Required attributes are `values` and `output`, unless you use `options` instead.
- All output is XHTML compliant.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are printed as
name/value-pairs inside each of the created <input\>-tags.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_ids', array(1000,1001,1002,1003));
$smarty->assign('cust_names', array(
'Joe Schmoe',
'Jack Smith',
'Jane Johnson',
'Charlie Brown')
);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
where template is
```smarty
{html_checkboxes name='id' values=$cust_ids output=$cust_names selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
or where PHP code is:
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign(
'cust_checkboxes',
[
1000 => 'Joe Schmoe',
1001 => 'Jack Smith',
1002 => 'Jane Johnson',
1003 => 'Charlie Brown',
]
);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
and the template is
```smarty
{html_checkboxes name='id' options=$cust_checkboxes selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
both examples will output:
```html
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1000" />Joe Schmoe</label><br />
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1001" checked="checked" />Jack Smith</label>
<br />
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1002" />Jane Johnson</label><br />
<label><input type="checkbox" name="id[]" value="1003" />Charlie Brown</label><br />
```
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select type_id, types from contact_types order by type';
$smarty->assign('contact_types',$db->getAssoc($sql));
$sql = 'select contact_id, contact_type_id, contact '
.'from contacts where contact_id=12';
$smarty->assign('contact',$db->getRow($sql));
```
The results of the database queries above would be output with.
```smarty
{html_checkboxes name='contact_type_id' options=$contact_types selected=$contact.contact_type_id separator='<br />'}
```
See also [`{html_radios}`](./language-function-html-radios.md) and
[`{html_options}`](./language-function-html-options.md)

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# {html_image}
`{html_image}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
generates an HTML `<img>` tag. The `height` and `width` are
automatically calculated from the image file if they are not supplied.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| file | Yes | name/path to image |
| height | No | Height to display image (defaults to actual image height) |
| width | No | Width to display image (defaults to actual image width) |
| basedir | no | Directory to base relative paths from (defaults to web server doc root) |
| alt | no | Alternative description of the image |
| href | no | href value to link the image to |
| path\_prefix | no | Prefix for output path |
- `basedir` is the base directory that relative image paths are based
from. If not given, the web server's document root
`$_ENV['DOCUMENT_ROOT']` is used as the base. If security is
enabled, then the image must be located in the `$secure_dir` path of
the security policy. See the [Security](../../api/security.md)
section for details.
- `href` is the href value to link the image to. If link is supplied,
an `<a href="LINKVALUE"><a>` tag is placed around the image tag.
- `path_prefix` is an optional prefix string you can give the output
path. This is useful if you want to supply a different server name
for the image.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are printed as
name/value-pairs inside the created `<img>` tag.
> **Note**
>
> `{html_image}` requires a hit to the disk to read the image and
> calculate the height and width. If you don't use template
> [caching](../../api/caching/basics.md), it is generally better to avoid `{html_image}`
> and leave image tags static for optimal performance.
## Examples
```smarty
{html_image file='pumpkin.jpg'}
{html_image file='/path/from/docroot/pumpkin.jpg'}
{html_image file='../path/relative/to/currdir/pumpkin.jpg'}
```
Example output of the above template would be:
```html
<img src="pumpkin.jpg" alt="" width="44" height="68" />
<img src="/path/from/docroot/pumpkin.jpg" alt="" width="44" height="68" />
<img src="../path/relative/to/currdir/pumpkin.jpg" alt="" width="44" height="68" />
```

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# {html_options}
`{html_options}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
creates the html `<select><option>` group with the assigned data. It
takes care of which item(s) are selected by default as well.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| values | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of values for dropdown |
| output | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of output for dropdown |
| selected | No | The selected option element(s) as a string or array |
| options | Yes, unless using values and output | An associative array of values and output |
| name | No | Name of select group |
| strict | No | Will make the "extra" attributes *disabled* and *readonly* only be set, if they were supplied with either boolean *TRUE* or string *"disabled"* and *"readonly"* respectively (defaults to false) |
- Required attributes are `values` and `output`, unless you use the
combined `options` instead.
- If the optional `name` attribute is given, the `<select></select>`
tags are created, otherwise ONLY the `<option>` list is generated.
- If a given value is an array, it will treat it as an html
`<optgroup>`, and display the groups. Recursion is supported with
`<optgroup>`.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are printed as
name/value-pairs inside the `<select>` tag. They are ignored if the
optional `name` is not given.
- All output is XHTML compliant.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('myOptions', [
1800 => 'Joe Schmoe',
9904 => 'Jack Smith',
2003 => 'Charlie Brown']
);
$smarty->assign('mySelect', 9904);
```
The following template will generate a drop-down list. Note the presence
of the `name` attribute which creates the `<select>` tags.
```smarty
{html_options name=foo options=$myOptions selected=$mySelect}
```
Output of the above example would be:
```html
<select name="foo">
<option value="1800">Joe Schmoe</option>
<option value="9904" selected="selected">Jack Smith</option>
<option value="2003">Charlie Brown</option>
</select>
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_ids', [56,92,13]);
$smarty->assign('cust_names', [
'Joe Schmoe',
'Jane Johnson',
'Charlie Brown']);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 92);
```
The above arrays would be output with the following template (note the
use of the php [`count()`](https://www.php.net/function.count) function as a
modifier to set the select size).
```smarty
<select name="customer_id" size="{$cust_names|@count}">
{html_options values=$cust_ids output=$cust_names selected=$customer_id}
</select>
```
The above example would output:
```html
<select name="customer_id" size="3">
<option value="56">Joe Schmoe</option>
<option value="92" selected="selected">Jane Johnson</option>
<option value="13">Charlie Brown</option>
</select>
```
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select type_id, types from contact_types order by type';
$smarty->assign('contact_types',$db->getAssoc($sql));
$sql = 'select contact_id, name, email, contact_type_id
from contacts where contact_id='.$contact_id;
$smarty->assign('contact',$db->getRow($sql));
```
Where a template could be as follows. Note the use of the
[`truncate`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-truncate.md) modifier.
```smarty
<select name="type_id">
<option value='null'>-- none --</option>
{html_options options=$contact_types|truncate:20 selected=$contact.type_id}
</select>
```
```php
<?php
$arr['Sport'] = array(6 => 'Golf', 9 => 'Cricket',7 => 'Swim');
$arr['Rest'] = array(3 => 'Sauna',1 => 'Massage');
$smarty->assign('lookups', $arr);
$smarty->assign('fav', 7);
```
The script above and the following template
```smarty
{html_options name=foo options=$lookups selected=$fav}
```
would output:
```html
<select name="foo">
<optgroup label="Sport">
<option value="6">Golf</option>
<option value="9">Cricket</option>
<option value="7" selected="selected">Swim</option>
</optgroup>
<optgroup label="Rest">
<option value="3">Sauna</option>
<option value="1">Massage</option>
</optgroup>
</select>
```
See also [`{html_checkboxes}`](./language-function-html-checkboxes.md) and
[`{html_radios}`](./language-function-html-radios.md)

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# {html_radios}
`{html_radios}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
creates an HTML radio button group. It also takes care of which item is
selected by default as well.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|-------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| name | No | Name of radio list |
| values | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of values for radio buttons |
| output | Yes, unless using options attribute | An array of output for radio buttons |
| selected | No | The selected radio element |
| options | Yes, unless using values and output | An associative array of values and output |
| separator | No | String of text to separate each radio item |
| assign | No | Assign radio tags to an array instead of output |
| labels | No | Add <label>-tags to the output (defaults to true) |
| label\_ids | No | Add id-attributes to <label\> and <input\> to the output (defaults to false) |
| escape | No | Escape the output / content (values are always escaped) (defaults to true) |
| strict | No | Will make the "extra" attributes *disabled* and *readonly* only be set, if they were supplied with either boolean *TRUE* or string *"disabled"* and *"readonly"* respectively (defaults to false) |
- Required attributes are `values` and `output`, unless you use
`options` instead.
- All output is XHTML compliant.
- All parameters that are not in the list above are output as
name/value-pairs inside each of the created `<input>`-tags.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_ids', array(1000,1001,1002,1003));
$smarty->assign('cust_names', array(
'Joe Schmoe',
'Jack Smith',
'Jane Johnson',
'Charlie Brown')
);
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{html_radios name='id' values=$cust_ids output=$cust_names
selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('cust_radios', array(
1000 => 'Joe Schmoe',
1001 => 'Jack Smith',
1002 => 'Jane Johnson',
1003 => 'Charlie Brown'));
$smarty->assign('customer_id', 1001);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{html_radios name='id' options=$cust_radios
selected=$customer_id separator='<br />'}
```
Both examples will output:
```html
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1000" />Joe Schmoe</label><br />
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1001" checked="checked" />Jack Smith</label><br />
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1002" />Jane Johnson</label><br />
<label><input type="radio" name="id" value="1003" />Charlie Brown</label><br />
```
```php
<?php
$sql = 'select type_id, types from contact_types order by type';
$smarty->assign('contact_types',$db->getAssoc($sql));
$sql = 'select contact_id, name, email, contact_type_id '
.'from contacts where contact_id='.$contact_id;
$smarty->assign('contact',$db->getRow($sql));
```
The variable assigned from the database above would be output with the
template:
```smarty
{html_radios name='contact_type_id' options=$contact_types
selected=$contact.contact_type_id separator='<br />'}
```
See also [`{html_checkboxes}`](language-function-html-checkboxes.md) and
[`{html_options}`](language-function-html-options.md)

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# {html_select_date}
`{html_select_date}` is a [custom function](index.md)
that creates date dropdowns. It can display any or all of: year, month,
and day. All parameters that are not in the list below are printed as
name/value-pairs inside the `<select>` tags of day, month and year.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| prefix | Date_ | What to prefix the var name with |
| time | | What date/time to pre-select. Accepts timestamps, DateTime objects or any string parseable by [strtotime()](https://www.php.net/strtotime). If an array is given, the attributes field_array and prefix are used to identify the array elements to extract year, month and day from. Omitting this parameter or supplying a falsy value will select the current date. To prevent date selection, pass in NULL. |
| start_year | current year | The first year in the dropdown, either year number, or relative to current year (+/- N) |
| end_year | same as start_year | The last year in the dropdown, either year number, or relative to current year (+/- N) |
| display_days | TRUE | Whether to display days or not |
| display_months | TRUE | Whether to display months or not |
| display_years | TRUE | Whether to display years or not |
| month_names | | List of strings to display for months. array(1 =\> 'Jan', ..., 12 =\> 'Dec') |
| month_format | \%B | What format the month should be in (strftime) |
| day_format | \%02d | What format the day output should be in (sprintf) |
| day_value_format | \%d | What format the day value should be in (sprintf) |
| year_as_text | FALSE | Whether or not to display the year as text |
| reverse_years | FALSE | Display years in reverse order |
| field_array | | If a name is given, the select boxes will be drawn such that the results will be returned to PHP in the form of name\[Day\], name\[Year\], name\[Month\]. |
| day_size | | Adds size attribute to select tag if given |
| month_size | | Adds size attribute to select tag if given |
| year_size | | Adds size attribute to select tag if given |
| all_extra | | Adds extra attributes to all select/input tags if given |
| day_extra | | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| month_extra | | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| year_extra | | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| all_id | | Adds id-attribute to all select/input tags if given |
| day_id | | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| month_id | | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| year_id | | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| field_order | MDY | The order in which to display the fields |
| field_separator | \\n | String printed between different fields |
| month_value_format | \%m | strftime() format of the month values, default is %m for month numbers. |
| all_empty | | If supplied then the first element of any select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-boxes read "Please select" for example. |
| year_empty | | If supplied then the first element of the year's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select a year" for example. Note that you can use values like "-MM-DD" as time-attribute to indicate an unselected year. |
| month_empty | | If supplied then the first element of the month's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. . Note that you can use values like "YYYY\--DD" as time-attribute to indicate an unselected month. |
| day_empty | | If supplied then the first element of the day's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. Note that you can use values like "YYYY-MM-" as time-attribute to indicate an unselected day. |
> **Note**
>
> There is an useful php function on the [date tips page](../../appendixes/tips.md)
> for converting `{html_select_date}` form values to a timestamp.
## Exaples
Template code
```smarty
{html_select_date}
```
This will output:
```html
<select name="Date_Month">
<option value="1">January</option>
<option value="2">February</option>
<option value="3">March</option>
..... snipped .....
<option value="10">October</option>
<option value="11">November</option>
<option value="12" selected="selected">December</option>
</select>
<select name="Date_Day">
<option value="1">01</option>
<option value="2">02</option>
<option value="3">03</option>
..... snipped .....
<option value="11">11</option>
<option value="12">12</option>
<option value="13" selected="selected">13</option>
<option value="14">14</option>
<option value="15">15</option>
..... snipped .....
<option value="29">29</option>
<option value="30">30</option>
<option value="31">31</option>
</select>
<select name="Date_Year">
<option value="2006" selected="selected">2006</option>
</select>
```
```smarty
{* start and end year can be relative to current year *}
{html_select_date prefix='StartDate' time=$time start_year='-5'
end_year='+1' display_days=false}
```
With 2000 as the current year the output:
```html
<select name="StartDateMonth">
<option value="1">January</option>
<option value="2">February</option>
.... snipped ....
<option value="11">November</option>
<option value="12" selected="selected">December</option>
</select>
<select name="StartDateYear">
<option value="1995">1995</option>
.... snipped ....
<option value="1999">1999</option>
<option value="2000" selected="selected">2000</option>
<option value="2001">2001</option>
</select>
```
See also [`{html_select_time}`](language-function-html-select-time.md),
[`date_format`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-date-format.md),
[`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow) and the [date tips
page](../../appendixes/tips.md#dates).

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# {html_select_time}
`{html_select_time}` is a [custom function](index.md)
that creates time dropdowns for you. It can display any or all of: hour,
minute, second and meridian.
The `time` attribute can have different formats. It can be a unique
timestamp, a string of the format `YYYYMMDDHHMMSS` or a string that is
parseable by PHP's [`strtotime()`](https://www.php.net/strtotime).
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Default | Description |
|-----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| prefix | Time\_ | What to prefix the var name with |
| time | current [timestamp](https://www.php.net/function.time) | What date/time to pre-select. Accepts [timestamp](https://www.php.net/function.time), [DateTime](https://www.php.net/class.DateTime), mysql timestamp or any string parsable by [`strtotime()`](https://www.php.net/strtotime). If an array is given, the attributes field\_array and prefix are used to identify the array elements to extract hour, minute, second and meridian from. |
| display\_hours | TRUE | Whether or not to display hours |
| display\_minutes | TRUE | Whether or not to display minutes |
| display\_seconds | TRUE | Whether or not to display seconds |
| display\_meridian | TRUE | Whether or not to display meridian (am/pm) |
| use\_24\_hours | TRUE | Whether or not to use 24 hour clock |
| minute\_interval | 1 | Number interval in minute dropdown |
| second\_interval | 1 | Number interval in second dropdown |
| hour\_format | \%02d | What format the hour label should be in (sprintf) |
| hour\_value\_format | \%20d | What format the hour value should be in (sprintf) |
| minute\_format | \%02d | What format the minute label should be in (sprintf) |
| minute\_value\_format | \%20d | What format the minute value should be in (sprintf) |
| second\_format | \%02d | What format the second label should be in (sprintf) |
| second\_value\_format | \%20d | What format the second value should be in (sprintf) |
| field\_array | n/a | Outputs values to array of this name |
| all\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| hour\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| minute\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| second\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| meridian\_extra | null | Adds extra attributes to select/input tags if given |
| field\_separator | \\n | String printed between different fields |
| option\_separator | \\n | String printed between different options of a field |
| all\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to all select/input tags if given |
| hour\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| minute\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| second\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| meridian\_id | null | Adds id-attribute to select/input tags if given |
| all\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of any select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-boxes read "Please select" for example. |
| hour\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the hour's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an hour" for example. |
| minute\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the minute's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an minute" for example. |
| second\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the second's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an second" for example. |
| meridian\_empty | null | If supplied then the first element of the meridian's select-box has this value as it's label and "" as it's value. This is useful to make the select-box read "Please select an meridian" for example. |
## Examples
```smarty
{html_select_time use_24_hours=true}
```
At 9:20 and 23 seconds in the morning the template above would output:
```html
<select name="Time_Hour">
<option value="00">00</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="08">08</option>
<option value="09" selected>09</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="22">22</option>
<option value="23">23</option>
</select>
<select name="Time_Minute">
<option value="00">00</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="19">19</option>
<option value="20" selected>20</option>
<option value="21">21</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="58">58</option>
<option value="59">59</option>
</select>
<select name="Time_Second">
<option value="00">00</option>
<option value="01">01</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="22">22</option>
<option value="23" selected>23</option>
<option value="24">24</option>
... snipped ....
<option value="58">58</option>
<option value="59">59</option>
</select>
<select name="Time_Meridian">
<option value="am" selected>AM</option>
<option value="pm">PM</option>
</select>
```
See also [`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow),
[`{html_select_date}`](language-function-html-select-date.md) and the
[date tips page](../../appendixes/tips.md#dates).

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# {html_table}
`{html_table}` is a [custom function](index.md) that
dumps an array of data into an HTML `<table>`.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| loop | Yes | Array of data to loop through |
| cols | No | Number of columns in the table or a comma-separated list of column heading names or an array of column heading names.if the cols-attribute is empty, but rows are given, then the number of cols is computed by the number of rows and the number of elements to display to be just enough cols to display all elements. If both, rows and cols, are omitted cols defaults to 3. if given as a list or array, the number of columns is computed from the number of elements in the list or array. |
| rows | No | Number of rows in the table. if the rows-attribute is empty, but cols are given, then the number of rows is computed by the number of cols and the number of elements to display to be just enough rows to display all elements. |
| inner | No | Direction of consecutive elements in the loop-array to be rendered. *cols* means elements are displayed col-by-col. *rows* means elements are displayed row-by-row. |
| caption | No | Text to be used for the `<caption>` element of the table |
| table\_attr | No | Attributes for `<table>` tag (defaults to 'border="1"') |
| th\_attr | No | Attributes for `<th>` tag (arrays are cycled) |
| tr\_attr | No | attributes for `<tr>` tag (arrays are cycled) |
| td\_attr | No | Attributes for `<td>` tag (arrays are cycled) |
| trailpad | No | Value to pad the trailing cells on last row with (if any) (defaults to '&nbsp;') |
| hdir | No | Direction of each row to be rendered. possible values: *right* (left-to-right), and *left* (right-to-left) (defaults to 'right') |
| vdir | No | Direction of each column to be rendered. possible values: *down* (top-to-bottom), *up* (bottom-to-top) (defaults to 'down') |
- The `cols` attribute determines how many columns will be in the
table.
- The `table_attr`, `tr_attr` and `td_attr` values determine the
attributes given to the `<table>`, `<tr>` and `<td>` tags.
- If `tr_attr` or `td_attr` are arrays, they will be cycled through.
- `trailpad` is the value put into the trailing cells on the last
table row if there are any present.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign( 'data', array(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) );
$smarty->assign( 'tr', array('bgcolor="#eeeeee"','bgcolor="#dddddd"') );
$smarty->display('index.tpl');
```
The variables assigned from php could be displayed as these three
examples demonstrate. Each example shows the template followed by
output.
** Example 1 **
```smarty
{html_table loop=$data}
```
```html
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
```
** Example 2 **
```smarty
{html_table loop=$data cols=4 table_attr='border="0"'}
```
```html
<table border="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
```
** Example 3 **
```smarty
{html_table loop=$data cols="first,second,third,fourth" tr_attr=$tr}
```
```html
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>first</th><th>second</th><th>third</th><th>fourth</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dddddd"><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#eeeeee"><td>9</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
```

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# {mailto}
`{mailto}` automates the creation of a `mailto:` anchor links and
optionally encodes them. Encoding emails makes it more difficult for web
spiders to lift email addresses off of a site.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| address | Yes | The e-mail address |
| text | No | The text to display, default is the e-mail address |
| encode | No | How to encode the e-mail. Can be one of `none`, `hex`, `javascript` or `javascript_charcode`. |
| cc | No | Email addresses to carbon copy, separate entries by a comma. |
| bcc | No | Email addresses to blind carbon copy, separate entries by a comma |
| subject | No | Email subject |
| newsgroups | No | Newsgroups to post to, separate entries by a comma. |
| followupto | No | Addresses to follow up to, separate entries by a comma. |
| extra | No | Any extra information you want passed to the link, such as style sheet classes |
> **Note**
>
> Javascript is probably the most thorough form of encoding, although
> you can use hex encoding too.
## Examples
```smarty
{mailto address="me@example.com"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com" >me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" text="send me some mail"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com" >send me some mail</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" encode="javascript"}
<script>
eval(unescape('%64%6f% ... snipped ...%61%3e%27%29%3b'))
</script>
{mailto address="me@example.com" encode="hex"}
<a href="mailto:%6d%65.. snipped..3%6f%6d">&#x6d;&..snipped...#x6f;&#x6d;</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" subject="Hello to you!"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com?subject=Hello%20to%20you%21" >me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" cc="you@example.com,they@example.com"}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com?cc=you@example.com,they@example.com" >me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" extra='class="email"'}
<a href="mailto:me@example.com" class="email">me@example.com</a>
{mailto address="me@example.com" encode="javascript_charcode"}
<script>
{document.write(String.fromCharCode(60,97, ... snipped ....60,47,97,62))}
</script>
```
See also [`escape`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-escape.md),
[`{textformat}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-textformat.md) and [obfuscating email
addresses](../../appendixes/tips.md#obfuscating-e-mail-addresses).

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# {math}
`{math}` allows the template designer to do math equations in the
template.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Required | Description |
|----------------|----------|--------------------------------------------------|
| equation | Yes | The equation to execute |
| format | No | The format of the result (sprintf) |
| var | Yes | Equation variable value |
| assign | No | Template variable the output will be assigned to |
| \[var \...\] | Yes | Equation variable value |
- Any numeric template variables may be used in the equations, and the
result is printed in place of the tag.
- The variables used in the equation are passed as parameters, which
can be template variables or static values.
- +, -, /, \*, abs, ceil, cos, exp, floor, log, log10, max, min, pi,
pow, rand, round, sin, sqrt, srans and tan are all valid operators.
Check the PHP documentation for further information on these
[math](https://www.php.net/eval) functions.
- If you supply the `assign` attribute, the output of the `{math}`
function will be assigned to this template variable instead of being
output to the template.
> **Note**
>
> `{math}` is an expensive function in performance due to its use of the
> php [`eval()`](https://www.php.net/eval) function. Doing the math in PHP
> is much more efficient, so whenever possible do the math calculations
> in the script and [`assign()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-assign.md) the results to the
> template. Definitely avoid repetitive `{math}` function calls, eg
> within [`{section}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-section.md) loops.
## Examples
**Example 1**
```smarty
{* $height=4, $width=5 *}
{math equation="x + y" x=$height y=$width}
```
The above example will output:
```
9
```
**Example 2**
```smarty
{* $row_height = 10, $row_width = 20, #col_div# = 2, assigned in template *}
{math equation="height * width / division"
height=$row_height
width=$row_width
division=#col_div#}
```
The above example will output:
```
100
```
**Example 3**
```smarty
{* you can use parenthesis *}
{math equation="(( x + y ) / z )" x=2 y=10 z=2}
```
The above example will output:
```
6
```
**Example 4**
```smarty
{* you can supply a format parameter in sprintf format *}
{math equation="x + y" x=4.4444 y=5.0000 format="%.2f"}
```
The above example will output:
```
9.44
```

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# {textformat}
`{textformat}` is a block tag used to
format text. It basically cleans up spaces and special characters, and
formats paragraphs by wrapping at a boundary and indenting lines.
You can set the parameters explicitly, or use a preset style. Currently,
"email" is the only available style.
## Attributes
| Attribute Name | Default | Description |
|----------------|------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| style | *n/a* | Preset style |
| indent | *0* | The number of chars to indent every line |
| indent\_first | *0* | The number of chars to indent the first line |
| indent\_char | *(single space)* | The character (or string of chars) to indent with |
| wrap | *80* | How many characters to wrap each line to |
| wrap\_char | *\\n* | The character (or string of chars) to break each line with |
| wrap\_cut | *FALSE* | If TRUE, wrap will break the line at the exact character instead of at a word boundary |
| assign | *n/a* | The template variable the output will be assigned to |
## Examples
```smarty
{textformat wrap=40}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
This is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar
foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo.
```
```smarty
{textformat wrap=40 indent=4}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This is
foo. This is foo. This is foo. This
is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar
foo foo.
```
```smarty
{textformat wrap=40 indent=4 indent_first=4}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This
is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar
foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar
foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo.
```
```smarty
{textformat style="email"}
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
bar foo bar foo foo.
{/textformat}
```
The above example will output:
```
This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is
foo.
This is bar.
bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo
bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo foo. bar foo bar foo
foo.
```
See also [`{strip}`](../language-builtin-functions/language-function-strip.md) and
[`wordwrap`](../language-modifiers/language-modifier-wordwrap.md).

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# Variable Modifiers
Variable modifiers can be applied to
[variables](../language-variables/index.md), [custom tags](../language-custom-functions/index.md)
or strings. To apply a modifier,
specify the value followed by a `|` (pipe) and the modifier name. A
modifier may accept additional parameters that affect its behavior.
These parameters follow the modifier name and are separated by a `:`
(colon). Also, *all php-functions can be used as modifiers implicitly*
(more below) and modifiers can be
[combined](../language-combining-modifiers.md).
- [capitalize](language-modifier-capitalize.md)
- [cat](language-modifier-cat.md)
- [count_characters](language-modifier-count-characters.md)
- [count_paragraphs](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md)
- [count_sentences](language-modifier-count-sentences.md)
- [count_words](language-modifier-count-words.md)
- [date_format](language-modifier-date-format.md)
- [default](language-modifier-default.md)
- [escape](language-modifier-escape.md)
- [from_charset](language-modifier-from-charset.md)
- [indent](language-modifier-indent.md)
- [lower](language-modifier-lower.md)
- [nl2br](language-modifier-nl2br.md)
- [regex_replace](language-modifier-regex-replace.md)
- [replace](language-modifier-replace.md)
- [spacify](language-modifier-spacify.md)
- [string_format](language-modifier-string-format.md)
- [strip](language-modifier-strip.md)
- [strip_tags](language-modifier-strip-tags.md)
- [to_charset](language-modifier-to-charset.md)
- [truncate](language-modifier-truncate.md)
- [unescape](language-modifier-unescape.md)
- [upper](language-modifier-upper.md)
- [wordwrap](language-modifier-wordwrap.md)
## Examples
```smarty
{* apply modifier to a variable *}
{$title|upper}
{* modifier with parameters *}
{$title|truncate:40:"..."}
{* apply modifier to a function parameter *}
{html_table loop=$myvar|upper}
{* with parameters *}
{html_table loop=$myvar|truncate:40:"..."}
{* apply modifier to literal string *}
{"foobar"|upper}
{* using date_format to format the current date *}
{$smarty.now|date_format:"%Y/%m/%d"}
{* apply modifier to a custom function *}
{mailto|upper address="smarty@example.com"}
{* using php's str_repeat *}
{"="|str_repeat:80}
{* php's count *}
{$myArray|@count}
{* this will uppercase and truncate the whole array *}
<select name="name_id">
{html_options output=$my_array|upper|truncate:20}
</select>
```
- Modifiers can be applied to any type of variables, including arrays
and objects.
> **Note**
>
> The default behavior was changed with Smarty 3. In Smarty 2.x, you
> had to use an "`@`" symbol to apply a modifier to an array, such
> as `{$articleTitle|@count}`. With Smarty 3, the "`@`" is no
> longer necessary, and is ignored.
>
> If you want a modifier to apply to each individual item of an
> array, you will either need to loop the array in the template, or
> provide for this functionality inside your modifier function.
> **Note**
>
> Second, in Smarty 2.x, modifiers were applied to the result of
> math expressions like `{8+2}`, meaning that
> `{8+2|count_characters}` would give `2`, as 8+2=10 and 10 is two
> characters long. With Smarty 3, modifiers are applied to the
> variables or atomic expressions before executing the calculations,
> so since 2 is one character long, `{8+2|count_characters}`
> gives 9. To get the old result use parentheses like
> `{(8+2)|count_characters}`.
- Custom modifiers can be registered
with the [`registerPlugin()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-register-plugin.md)
function.
See also [`registerPlugin()`](../../programmers/api-functions/api-register-plugin.md), [combining
modifiers](../language-combining-modifiers.md). and [extending smarty with
plugins](../../api/extending/introduction.md)

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# capitalize
This is used to capitalize the first letter of all words in a variable.
This is similar to the PHP [`ucwords()`](https://www.php.net/ucwords)
function.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|capitalize}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | boolean | No | This determines whether or not words with digits will be uppercased |
| 2 | boolean | No | This determines whether or not Capital letters within words should be lowercased, e.g. "aAa" to "Aaa" |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'next x-men film, x3, delayed.');
```
Where the template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|capitalize}
{$articleTitle|capitalize:true}
```
Will output:
```
next x-men film, x3, delayed.
Next X-Men Film, x3, Delayed.
Next X-Men Film, X3, Delayed.
```
See also [`lower`](language-modifier-lower.md) and
[`upper`](language-modifier-upper.md)

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# cat
This value is concatenated to the given variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|cat:' units'}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
|-----------|--------|----------|--------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | This value to concatenate to the given variable. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', "Psychics predict world didn't end");
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle|cat:' yesterday.'}
```
Will output:
```
Psychics predict world didn't end yesterday.
```

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# count_characters
This is used to count the number of characters in a variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_characters}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
|-----------|---------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | boolean | No | This determines whether to include whitespace characters in the count. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Cold Wave Linked to Temperatures.');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_characters}
{$articleTitle|count_characters:true}
```
Will output:
```
Cold Wave Linked to Temperatures.
29
33
```
See also [`count_words`](language-modifier-count-words.md),
[`count_sentences`](language-modifier-count-sentences.md) and
[`count_paragraphs`](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md).

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# count_paragraphs
This is used to count the number of paragraphs in a variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_paragraphs}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"War Dims Hope for Peace. Child's Death Ruins Couple's Holiday.\n\n
Man is Fatally Slain. Death Causes Loneliness, Feeling of Isolation."
);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_paragraphs}
```
Will output:
```
War Dims Hope for Peace. Child's Death Ruins Couple's Holiday.
Man is Fatally Slain. Death Causes Loneliness, Feeling of Isolation.
2
```
See also [`count_characters`](language-modifier-count-characters.md),
[`count_sentences`](language-modifier-count-sentences.md) and
[`count_words`](language-modifier-count-words.md).

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# count_sentences
This is used to count the number of sentences in a variable. A sentence
being delimited by a dot, question- or exclamation-mark (.?!).
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_sentences}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
'Two Soviet Ships Collide - One Dies.
Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Axe.'
);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_sentences}
```
Will output:
```
Two Soviet Ships Collide - One Dies. Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Axe.
2
```
See also [`count_characters`](language-modifier-count-characters.md),
[`count_paragraphs`](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md) and
[`count_words`](language-modifier-count-words.md).

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# count_words
This is used to count the number of words in a variable.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|count_words}
```
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|count_words}
```
This will output:
```
Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.
7
```
See also [`count_characters`](language-modifier-count-characters.md),
[`count_paragraphs`](language-modifier-count-paragraphs.md) and
[`count_sentences`](language-modifier-count-sentences.md).

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# date_format
This formats a date and time into the given
[`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime) format. Dates can be passed to
Smarty as unix [timestamps](https://www.php.net/function.time), [DateTime
objects](https://www.php.net/class.DateTime), mysql timestamps or any string
made up of month day year, parsable by php\'s
[`strtotime()`](https://www.php.net/strtotime). Designers can then use
`date_format` to have complete control of the formatting of the date. If
the date passed to `date_format` is empty and a second parameter is
passed, that will be used as the date to format.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|date_format:"%Y-%m-%d"}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|-----------|-------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | %b %e, %Y | This is the format for the outputted date. |
| 2 | string | No | n/a | This is the default date if the input is empty. |
> **Note**
>
> Since Smarty-2.6.10 numeric values passed to `date_format` are
> *always* (except for mysql timestamps, see below) interpreted as a
> unix timestamp.
>
> Before Smarty-2.6.10 numeric strings that where also parsable by
> `strtotime()` in php (like `YYYYMMDD`) where sometimes (depending on
> the underlying implementation of `strtotime()`) interpreted as date
> strings and NOT as timestamps.
>
> The only exception are mysql timestamps: They are also numeric only
> and 14 characters long (`YYYYMMDDHHMMSS`), mysql timestamps have
> precedence over unix timestamps.
> **Note**
>
> `date_format` is essentially a wrapper to PHP's
> [`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime) function. You may have more
> or less conversion specifiers available depending on your system's
> [`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime) function where PHP was
> compiled. Check your system\'s manpage for a full list of valid
> specifiers. However, a few of the specifiers are emulated on Windows.
> These are: %D, %e, %h, %l, %n, %r, %R, %t, %T.
## Examples
```php
<?php
$config['date'] = '%I:%M %p';
$config['time'] = '%H:%M:%S';
$smarty->assign('config', $config);
$smarty->assign('yesterday', strtotime('-1 day'));
```
This template uses [`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow) to
get the current time:
```smarty
{$smarty.now|date_format}
{$smarty.now|date_format:"%D"}
{$smarty.now|date_format:$config.date}
{$yesterday|date_format}
{$yesterday|date_format:"%A, %B %e, %Y"}
{$yesterday|date_format:$config.time}
```
This above will output:
```
Jan 1, 2022
01/01/22
02:33 pm
Dec 31, 2021
Monday, December 1, 2021
14:33:00
```
## Conversion specifiers
`date_format` conversion specifiers:
- %a - abbreviated weekday name according to the current locale
- %A - full weekday name according to the current locale
- %b - abbreviated month name according to the current locale
- %B - full month name according to the current locale
- %c - preferred date and time representation for the current locale
- %C - century number (the year divided by 100 and truncated to an
integer, range 00 to 99)
- %d - day of the month as a decimal number (range 01 to 31)
- %D - same as %m/%d/%y
- %e - day of the month as a decimal number, a single digit is
preceded by a space (range 1 to 31)
- %g - Week-based year within century \[00,99\]
- %G - Week-based year, including the century \[0000,9999\]
- %h - same as %b
- %H - hour as a decimal number using a 24-hour clock (range 00
to 23)
- %I - hour as a decimal number using a 12-hour clock (range 01
to 12)
- %j - day of the year as a decimal number (range 001 to 366)
- %k - Hour (24-hour clock) single digits are preceded by a blank.
(range 0 to 23)
- %l - hour as a decimal number using a 12-hour clock, single digits
preceded by a space (range 1 to 12)
- %m - month as a decimal number (range 01 to 12)
- %M - minute as a decimal number
- %n - newline character
- %p - either 'am' or 'pm' according to the given time value, or
the corresponding strings for the current locale
- %r - time in a.m. and p.m. notation
- %R - time in 24 hour notation
- %S - second as a decimal number
- %t - tab character
- %T - current time, equal to %H:%M:%S
- %u - weekday as a decimal number \[1,7\], with 1 representing
Monday
- %U - week number of the current year as a decimal number, starting
with the first Sunday as the first day of the first week
- %V - The ISO 8601:1988 week number of the current year as a decimal
number, range 01 to 53, where week 1 is the first week that has at
least 4 days in the current year, and with Monday as the first day
of the week.
- %w - day of the week as a decimal, Sunday being 0
- %W - week number of the current year as a decimal number, starting
with the first Monday as the first day of the first week
- %x - preferred date representation for the current locale without
the time
- %X - preferred time representation for the current locale without
the date
- %y - year as a decimal number without a century (range 00 to 99)
- %Y - year as a decimal number including the century
- %Z - time zone or name or abbreviation
- %% - a literal '%' character
See also [`$smarty.now`](../language-variables/language-variables-smarty.md#smartynow-languagevariablessmartynow),
[`strftime()`](https://www.php.net/strftime),
[`{html_select_date}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-html-select-date.md) and the
[date tips](../../appendixes/tips.md#dates) page.

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# default
This is used to set a default value for a variable. If the variable is
unset or an empty string, the given default value is printed instead.
Default takes the one argument.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|default:"(none)"}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|-----------|--------|----------|---------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | *empty* | This is the default value to output if the variable is empty. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle', 'Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.');
$smarty->assign('email', '');
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle|default:'no title'}
{$myTitle|default:'no title'}
{$email|default:'No email address available'}
```
Will output:
```
Dealers Will Hear Car Talk at Noon.
no title
No email address available
```
See also the [default variable handling](../../appendixes/tips.md#default-variable-handling) and
the [blank variable handling](../../appendixes/tips.md#blank-variable-handling) pages.

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# escape
`escape` is used to encode or escape a variable to `html`, `url`,
`single quotes`, `hex`, `hexentity`, `javascript` and `mail`. By default
its `html`.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|escape}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Possible Values | Default | Description |
|--------------------|---------|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | `html`, `htmlall`, `url`, `urlpathinfo`, `quotes`, `hex`, `hexentity`, `javascript`, `mail` | `html` | This is the escape format to use. |
| 2 | string | No | `ISO-8859-1`, `UTF-8`, and any character set supported by [`htmlentities()`](https://www.php.net/htmlentities) | `UTF-8` | The character set encoding passed to htmlentities() et. al. |
| 3 | boolean | No | FALSE | TRUE | Double encode entities from &amp; to &amp;amp; (applies to `html` and `htmlall` only) |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
"'Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan'"
);
$smarty->assign('EmailAddress','smarty@example.com');
```
These are example `escape` template lines followed by the output
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
'Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan'
{$articleTitle|escape}
&#039;Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan&#039;
{$articleTitle|escape:'html'} {* escapes & " ' < > *}
&#039;Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan&#039;
{$articleTitle|escape:'htmlall'} {* escapes ALL html entities *}
&#039;Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan&#039;
<a href="?title={$articleTitle|escape:'url'}">click here</a>
<a
href="?title=%27Stiff%20Opposition%20Expected%20to%20Casketless%20Funeral%20Plan%27">click here</a>
{$articleTitle|escape:'quotes'}
\'Stiff Opposition Expected to Casketless Funeral Plan\'
<a href="mailto:{$EmailAddress|escape:"hex"}">{$EmailAddress|escape:"hexentity"}</a>
{$EmailAddress|escape:'mail'} {* this converts to email to text *}
<a href="mailto:%62%6f%..snip..%65%74">&#x62;&#x6f;&#x62..snip..&#x65;&#x74;</a>
{'mail@example.com'|escape:'mail'}
smarty [AT] example [DOT] com
{* the "rewind" parameter registers the current location *}
<a href="$my_path?page=foo&rewind={$my_uri|escape:url}">click here</a>
```
This snippet is useful for emails, but see also
[`{mailto}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md)
```smarty
{* email address mangled *}
<a href="mailto:{$EmailAddress|escape:'hex'}">{$EmailAddress|escape:'mail'}</a>
```
See also [escaping smarty parsing](../language-basic-syntax/language-escaping.md),
[`{mailto}`](../language-custom-functions/language-function-mailto.md) and the [obfuscating email
addresses](../../appendixes/tips.md#obfuscating-e-mail-addresses) page.

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# from_charset
`from_charset` is used to transcode a string from a given charset to the
internal charset. This is the exact opposite of the [to_charset
modifier](language-modifier-to-charset.md).
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Possible Values | Default | Description |
|--------------------|--------|----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | string | No | `ISO-8859-1`, `UTF-8`, and any character set supported by [`mb_convert_encoding()`](https://www.php.net/mb_convert_encoding) | `ISO-8859-1` | The charset encoding the value is supposed to be decoded from |
> **Note**
>
> Charset encoding should be handled by the application itself. This
> modifier should only be used in cases where the application cannot
> anticipate that a certain string is required in another encoding.
See also [Configuring Smarty](../../api/configuring.md), [to_charset
modifier](language-modifier-to-charset.md).

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# indent
This indents a string on each line, default is 4. As an optional
parameter, you can specify the number of characters to indent. As an
optional second parameter, you can specify the character to use to
indent with. For example: use `"\t"` for a tab.
## Basic usage
```smarty
{$myVar|indent:4}
```
## Parameters
| Parameter Position | Type | Required | Default | Description |
|--------------------|---------|----------|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|
| 1 | integer | No | 4 | This determines how many characters to indent to. |
| 2 | string | No | (one space) | This is the character used to indent with. |
## Examples
```php
<?php
$smarty->assign('articleTitle',
'NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.'
);
```
Where template is:
```smarty
{$articleTitle}
{$articleTitle|indent}
{$articleTitle|indent:10}
{$articleTitle|indent:1:"\t"}
```
Will output:
```
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
NJ judge to rule on nude beach.
Sun or rain expected today, dark tonight.
Statistics show that teen pregnancy drops off significantly after 25.
```
See also [`strip`](language-modifier-strip.md),
[`wordwrap`](language-modifier-wordwrap.md) and
[`spacify`](language-modifier-spacify.md).

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